Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of participants stratified according to DM at follow-up
| Demographics | All participants | No DM | DM | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | 1710 | 1655 (96.8%) | 55 (3.2%) | |
| Age (years) | 56.8 (16.3) | 56.4 (16.4) | 65.5 (10.9) | < 0.001 |
| Male | 676 (39.5%) | 648 (39.2%) | 28 (50.9%) | 0.08 |
| Clinical characteristics | ||||
| Systolic BP (mmHg) | 133.9 (22.4) | 133.4 (22.4) | 148.2 (18.6) | < 0.001 |
| Diastolic BP (mmHg) | 77.8 (12.0) | 77.6 (12.1) | 82.6 (10.3) | 0.002 |
| Hypertension | 665 (39.0%) | 625 (37.9%) | 40 (72.7%) | < 0.001 |
| MAP (mmHg) | 96.5 (13.9) | 96.2 (13.9) | 104.5 (11.2) | < 0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 25.1 (3.7) | 25.0 (3.7) | 28.6 (4.4) | < 0.001 |
| Heart rate (BPM) | 67 (11) | 67 (11) | 71 (11) | 0.008 |
| Smoking | 525 (30.7%) | 504 (30.5%) | 21 (38.2%) | 0.22 |
| Ischemic heart disease | 82 (4.8%) | 74 (4.5%) | 8 (14.5%) | < 0.001 |
| Heart failure | 16 (0.9%) | 16 (1.0%) | 0 (0%) | 0.46 |
| Glucose (mmol/L) | 5.5 (1.0) | 5.5 (1.0) | 6.2 (1.5) | < 0.001 |
| HBA1c (%) | 5.8 (0.5) | 5.7 (0.5) | 6.0 (0.5) | < 0.001 |
| Triglycerides (mmol/L) | 1.5 (0.8) | 1.5 (0.8) | 2.0 (1.2) | < 0.001 |
| eGFR (mL/min) | 76 (16) | 76 (16) | 76 (17) | 0.94 |
| Pro-BNP (pmol/L) | 16, (8-30) | 16 (7-30) | 17 (11-30) | 0.47 |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 5.5 (1.2) | 5.5 (1.2) | 5.7 (1.0) | 0.30 |
| Blood pressure lowering medication | 222 (13.0%) | 202 (12.2%) | 20 (36.4%) | < 0.001 |
| Lipid lowering medication | 224 (13.1%) | 207 (12.5%) | 17 (30.9%) | < 0.001 |
| Echocardiography | ||||
| LVEF (%) | 59.7 (1.9) | 59.7 (1.9) | 59.9 (1.0) | 0.61 |
| LVIDd/height (cm/m) | 2.8 (0.3) | 2.8 (0.3) | 2.8 (0.3) | 0.52 |
| LVMI (g/m2) | 85.7 (22.1) | 85.4 (21.9) | 93.0 (24.4) | 0.013 |
| PWT (cm) | 0.9 (0.2) | 0.9 (0.2) | 1.0 (0.2) | < 0.001 |
| AWT (cm) | 0.9 (0.2) | 0.9 (0.2) | 1.0 (0.2) | < 0.001 |
| RWT (cm) | 0.38 (0.08) | 0.37 (0.08) | 0.42 (0.11) | < 0.001 |
| IVSD (cm) | 1.0 (0.2) | 1.0 (0.2) | 1.1 (0.2) | < 0.001 |
| LV concentric geometry | 361 (21.1%) | 338 (20.4%) | 23 (41.8%) | < 0.001 |
| LV hypertrophy categories | < 0.001 | |||
| Normal geometry | 1178 (69.1%) | 1153 (69.9%) | 25 (45.5%) | |
| Concentric remodeling | 270 (15.8%) | 253 (15.3%) | 17 (30.9%) | |
| Eccentric hypertrohpy | 166 (9.7%) | 159 (9.6%) | 7 (12.7%) | |
| Concentric hypertrohpy | 91 (5.3%) | 85 (5.2%) | 6 (10.9%) | |
| LAVI (mL/m2) | 19.4 (6.7) | 19.4 (6.9) | 20.2 (7.0) | 0.44 |
| E (m/s) | 0.7 (0.2) | 0.7 (0.2) | 0.7 (0.2) | 0.18 |
| A (m/s) | 0.7 (0.2) | 0.7 (0.2) | 0.8 (0.2) | < 0.001 |
| E/A | 1.2 (0.5) | 1.2 (0.5) | 0.9 (0.3) | < 0.001 |
| E/e′ | 10.9 (4.7) | 10.8 (4.6) | 13.2 (4.9) | < 0.001 |
| DT (ms) | 165 (39) | 165 (39) | 177 (42) | 0.026 |
| s′ (cm/s) | 5.9 (1.3) | 6.0 (1.3) | 5.7 (1.2) | 0.16 |
| e′ (cm/s) | 7.5 (2.7) | 7.6 (2.7) | 5.9 (2.2) | < 0.001 |
| a′ (cm/s) | 6.4 (1.9) | 6.3 (1.9) | 7.1 (1.9) | 0.008 |
BP blood pressure, MAP mean arterial pressure, BMI body mass index, BPM beats per minute, AMI acute myocardial infarction, eGFR estimated glomerular filtration rate, BNP brain natriuretic peptide, LVEF left ventricular ejection fraction, GLS global longitudinal strain, LVIDd left ventricular inner diameter at end diastole, LVMI left ventricular mass index, PWT posterior wall thickness, AWT average wall thickness, RWT relative wall thickness, IVSD interventricular septum diameter, LAVI left atrial volume index, DT deceleration time