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. 2019 Mar 13;13:30. doi: 10.1186/s12918-019-0706-y

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver(http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

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Fig. 1 — Interaction of immune cells with cancer cells. Sharp arrows indicate proliferation/activation, blocked arrows indicate killing/blocking, and the inverted arrow indicates recruitment/chemoattraction. C: cancer cells, D: dentritic cells, T₁: CD 4⁺ Th1 cells, T₈: CD 8⁺ T cells, Treg: T regulatory cells, Endo: endothelial cells, Ox: Oxygen from the blood. T₁ and T₈ cells and Tregs express PD-1 and PD-L1; tumor expresses PD-L1