Table 2.
Baseline Characteristics of T1D Participants by Treatment Group
| Variables | Placebo | Metformin |
|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 16.0±2.7 | 17.3±2.3 |
| Sex (% female) | 46% | 56% |
| Ethnicity (% NHW) | 83% | 88% |
| Tanner Stage* | 5 (4–5) | 5 (5–5) |
| Weight (kg) | 69.9±14.6 | 72.3±13.7 |
| Fat mass (kg) | 22.4±9.3 | 22.9±9.3 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 25.3±4.9 | 25.4±4.4 |
| BMI percentile | 76.8±23.5 | 74.6±26.1 |
| Waist Circumference (cm) | 80±14 | 79±12 |
| Glycemia and IR | ||
| HbA1c (mmol/mol) | 69±8.3 | 72±10.5 |
| Diabetes Duration (years) | 7.8±4.4 | 8.0±3.7 |
| TDI (units/day) | 65.2±25.4 | 60.0±22.4 |
| TDI/kg (units/kg/day) | 0.93±0.27 | 0.83±0.25 |
| GIR (mg/kg/min) | 7.5±3.7 | 7.7±3.7 |
| GIR (mg/lean kg/min) | 11.2±4.9 | 11.8±4.8 |
| Insulin (uIU/uL) | 171.3±62.9 | 192.9±93.6 |
| M/I* (mg/kg/min)/uIU/uL | 3.9 (2.1–8.5) | 3.5 (2.4–6.3) |
| M/I Lean (mg/lean kg/min)/uIU/uL * | 6.2 (3.6–10.9) | 6.0 (3.8–8.7) |
| Lipids | ||
| Total-C (mmol/L) | 3.81±0.88 | 3.73±0.75 |
| LDL-C (mmol/L) | 2.23±0.49 | 2.12±0.52 |
| HDL-C (mmol/L) | 1.17±0.26 | 1.19±0.26 |
| Triglycerides (mmol/L) | 0.92±0.35 | 0.89±0.45 |
| Peripheral Vascular Measures | ||
| SBP (mm Hg) | 122±10 | 119±8 |
| DBP (mm Hg) | 71±8 | 71±7 |
| Average far-wall cIMT (diastole) (mm) | 0.46±0.06 | 0.47±0.06 |
| Average far-wall cIMT (systole) (mm) | 0.44±0.06 | 0.44±0.06 |
| Average carotid diameter (diastole) (mm) | 6.12±0.45 | 6.28±0.46 |
| Average carotid diameter (systole) (mm) | 6.95±0.46 | 7.06±0.55 |
| Average carotid distension (mm) | 0.14±0.03 | 0.12±0.03 |
| Brachial Distensibility (%/mmHg) | 5.8±0.9 | 6.1±1.2 |
| Aortic MRI Measures | ||
| AA WSSMAX (dyne/cm2) | 11.0±2.3 | 11.0±2.6 |
| AA WSSTA (dyne/cm2) | 2.6±0.7 | 2.7±0.8 |
| DA WSSMAX (dyne/cm2) | 14.5±4 | 16.6±4.3 |
| DA WSSTA (dyne/cm2) | 4.2±1.2 | 4.1±1.2 |
| AA PWV (m/s) | 3.0±1.3 | 4.0±2.2 |
| DA PWV (m/s) | 4.1±1.6 | 4.3±1.4 |
| AA RAC (%) | 26.5±3.0 | 26.8±6.2 |
| DA RAC (%) | 22.8±4.4 | 21.9±4.6 |
Data are presented as means ± SD unless otherwise noted.
*
Median, p25–p75
TDI = Total Daily Insulin Dose, GIR = glucose infusion rate, M = steady-state glucose infusion rate, I = steady-state insulin, Total-C = total cholesterol, LDL-C = low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, HDL-C = high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, SBP = systolic blood pressure, DBP = diastolic blood pressure, cIMT = carotid intima media thickness, AA = ascending aorta, DA = descending aorta, WSSMAX = maximal wall shear-stress, WSSTA = time-averaged wall shear-stress, PWV = pulse wave velocity, RAC = relative area change