Table 1. Baseline characteristics of the training cohort according to the presence of hemorrhagic transformation.
| Baseline characteristics | Total (n=1423) | Absence (n=1268) | Presence (n=155) | P |
| Demographics | ||||
| Sex (male) | 950 (66.76) | 851 (67.11) | 99 (63.87) | 0.419 |
| Age (years) | 68.21±12.17 | 67.88±12.00 | 70.84±13.23 | 0.004 |
| Weight (kg) | 67 (60-75) | 67 (60-75) | 65 (60-75) | 0.985 |
| Height (cm) | 165.60±7.87 | 165.61±7.85 | 165.51±8.12 | 0.893 |
| Clinical characteristics | ||||
| Smoking | 560 (39.35) | 515 (40.62) | 45 (29.03) | 0.005 |
| SBP (mm Hg) | 144.52±20.80 | 143.88±20.64 | 149.77±21.45 | 0.001 |
| DBP (mm Hg) | 80 (80-90) | 80 (80-92) | 82 (78-98) | 0.114 |
| NIHSS on admission | 3 (2-6) | 3 (2-5) | 8 (2-15) | <0.001 |
| Medical history | ||||
| Hypertension | 1044 (73.37) | 930 (73.34) | 114 (73.55) | 0.957 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 286 (21.5) | 245 (19.32) | 41 (26.45) | 0.037 |
| Coronary artery disease | 160 (11.24) | 135 (10.65) | 25 (16.13) | 0.041 |
| History of atrial fibrillation | 168 (11.81) | 117 (9.23) | 51 (32.90) | <0.001 |
| Previous TIA | 227 (15.95) | 198 (15.62) | 29 (18.71) | 0.321 |
| Stroke etiology a | <0.001 | |||
| LAA | 722 (50.74) | 660 (52.05) | 62 (40.00) | |
| Cardioembolism | 189 (13.28) | 130 (10.25) | 59 (38.06) | |
| Small-vessel occlusion | 463 (32.54) | 438 (34.54) | 25 (16.13) | |
| Undetermined/unclassified | 49 (3.44) | 40 (2.81) | 9 (5.81) | |
| Prior use of antiplatelets | 409 (28.74) | 353 (27.84) | 56 (36.13) | 0.031 |
| Prior use of anticoagulants | 124 (8.71) | 106 (8.36) | 18 (11.61) | 0.175 |
| Laboratory characteristics | ||||
| Fasting glucose (mmol/L) | 6.19±2.54 | 6.13±2.44 | 6.61±3.23 | 0.030 |
| Platelet (109/L) | 197.97±59.27 | 199.38±59.49 | 186.61±56.32 | 0.012 |
| INR | 0.98±0.19 | 0.97±0.20 | 1.00±0.13 | 0.051 |
| BUN (mmol/L) | 5.94±2.46 | 5.91±2.47 | 6.22±2.34 | 0.128 |
| Creatinine (μmol/L) | 80.74±56.09 | 80.74±58.44 | 80.77±31.08 | 0.994 |
| TG (mmol/L) | 1.56±1.16 | 1.60±1.18 | 1.18±0.82 | <0.001 |
| TC (mmol/L) | 4.41±1.09 | 4.44±1.09 | 4.17±1.09 | 0.004 |
| HDL-C (mmol/L) | 1.09±0.41 | 1.09±0.42 | 1.14±0.29 | 0.160 |
| LDL-C (mmol/L) | 2.66±0.83 | 2.68±0.83 | 2.50±0.83 | 0.012 |
| TG/HDL-C | 1.60±1.44 | 1.65±1.46 | 1.16±1.09 | <0.001 |
| Uric acid (μmol/L) | 321.90±107.74 | 324.05±107.14 | 305.14±111.25 | 0.056 |
| HbA1c (%) | 6.57±1.63 | 6.57±1.63 | 6.52±1.60 | 0.691 |
| CRP (μg/mL) | 8.10±18.85 | 7.80±19.29 | 10.41±14.85 | 0.175 |
| HCY (μmol/L) | 17.16±8.89 | 17.22±9.08 | 16.69±7.23 | 0.517 |
| Lp-PLA2 (ng/mL) | 180 (127-267) | 178 (127-266) | 190 (135-300) | 0.173 |
LAA, large artery atherosclerosis; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; NIHSS, National Institute of Health Stroke Scale; TIA, transient ischemic attack; INR, International Normalized Ratio; BUN, blood urea nitrogen; CRP, C-reactive protein; HCY, homocysteine; Lp-PLA2, lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2; TG, triglyceride; TC, total cholesterol; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; TG/HDL-C, TG to HDL-C ratio.
Categorical variables were expressed as frequencies and percentages and were compared by the Chi-squared test. Continuous variables were expressed as the means ± standard deviations (S.D.) or medians (interquartile ranges, IQR), which were compared by the Student’s t test, one-way ANOVA or the Mann–Whitney U-test if necessary.
a According to the modified TOAST classification.