Table 2. Baseline characteristics of the training cohort according to stroke etiology.
| Baseline characteristics | LAA (n=722) | Cardioembolism (n=190) | Small-vessel occlusion (n=463) | ||||||
| Absence (n=660) | Presence (n=62) | P | Absence (n=130) | Presence (n=60) | P | Absence (n=438) | Presence (n=25) | P | |
| Demographics | |||||||||
| Sex (male) | 463 (70.15) | 47 (75.81) | 0.350 | 63 (48.46) | 29 (48.33) | 0.987 | 301 (68.72) | 17 (68.00) | 0.940 |
| Age (years) | 68 (61-76) | 70 (55-81) | 0.640 | 76 (67-83) | 78 (73.5-83) | 0.102 | 67 (59-75) | 65 (62-72) | 0.774 |
| Weight (kg) | 67.69±11.29 | 68.52±13.36 | 0.174 | 65.17±10.71 | 65.68±13.93 | 0.797 | 67.84±11.19 | 65.57±10.35 | 0.342 |
| Height (cm) | 165.63±7.22 | 166.91±7.83 | 0.696 | 164.27±7.78 | 164.06±8.99 | 0.872 | 165.94±7.93 | 165.33±6.75 | 0.716 |
| Clinical characteristics | |||||||||
| Smoking | 270 | 25 | 0.928 | 27 | 7 | 0.128 | 200 (45.66) | 11 (44.00) | 0.871 |
| SBP (mm Hg) | 144.93±20.68 | 150.89±20.83 | 0.045 | 141.32±21.06 | 151.33±20.81 | 0.003 | 143.19±20.09 | 145.72±24.70 | 0.619 |
| DBP (mm Hg) | 80 (80-90) | 82 (80-99) | 0.342 | 84.85±13.73 | 85.97±15.17 | 0.614 | 84.84±11.57 | 87.52±16.46 | 0.429 |
| NIHSS on admission | 3 (2-6) | 5 (2-12) | 0.006 | 9 (3-15) | 16 (10-19) | 0.001 | 2 (1-4) | 2 (1-3) | 0.569 |
| Medical history | |||||||||
| Hypertension | 510 (77.27) | 49 (79.03) | 0.751 | 88 (67.69) | 45 (75.00) | 0.307 | 307 (70.09) | 16 (64.00) | 0.519 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 179 (27.12) | 28 (45.16) | 0.003 | 23 (17.69) | 15 (25.00) | 0.242 | 135 (30.82) | 4 (16.00) | 0.116 |
| Coronary artery disease | 64 (9.70) | 5 (8.06) | 0.676 | 28 (21.54) | 14 (23.33) | 0.782 | 36 (8.22) | 4 (16.00) | 0.259 |
| History of atrial fibrillation | 17 (2.58) | 4 (6.45) | 0.083 | 91 (70.00) | 43 (71.67) | 0.815 | 5 (1.14) | 1 (4.00) | 0.749 |
| Previous TIA | 122 (18.48) | 11 (17.74) | 0.885 | 25 (19.23) | 12 (20.00) | 0.901 | 45 (10.27) | 4 (16.00) | 0.365 |
| Prior use of antiplatelets | 242 (36.67) | 26 (41.94) | 0.411 | 18 (13.85) | 8 (13.33) | 0.924 | 92 (21.00) | 9 (36.00) | 0.077 |
| Prior use of anticoagulants | 15 (2.27) | 4 (6.45) | 0.049 | 68 (52.31) | 24 (40.00) | 0.115 | 3 (0.68) | 0 (0.00) | 0.386 |
| Laboratory characteristics | |||||||||
| Fasting glucose (mmol/L) | 6.28±2.61 | 6.20±2.27 | 0.825 | 6.05±1.89 | 7.61±4.23 | 0.001 | 5.92±2.33 | 5.31±1.91 | 0.207 |
| Platelet (109/L) | 202.78±60.99 | 201.10±61.42 | 0.835 | 181.87±58.68 | 169.66±49.45 | 0.168 | 199.33±56.56 | 193.72±39.37 | 0.506 |
| INR | 0.96±0.15 | 0.99±0.10 | 0.128 | 1.12±0.47 | 1.04±0.16 | 0.092 | 0.95±0.08 | 0.94±0.07 | 0.778 |
| BUN (mmol/L) | 5.95±2.44 | 6.23±2.31 | 0.389 | 6.24±2.84 | 6.48±2.48 | 0.577 | 5.67±2.07 | 5.53±1.83 | 0.744 |
| Creatinine (μmol/L) | 81.21±58.44 | 81.24±26.86 | 0.996 | 81.23±29.87 | 82.10±35.44 | 0.861 | 78.37±55.39 | 76.36±27.73 | 0.857 |
| TG (mmol/L) | 1.66±1.31 | 1.24±0.85 | 0.016 | 1.19±0.68 | 1.07±0.53 | 0.096 | 1.66±1.10 | 1.30±1.27 | 0.114 |
| TC (mmol/L) | 4.50±1.17 | 4.28±1.21 | 0.159 | 4.21±0.94 | 3.97±0.96 | 0.099 | 4.44±1.00 | 4.30±0.74 | 0.487 |
| HDL-C (mmol/L) | 1.08±0.50 | 1.08±0.27 | 0.991 | 1.18±0.43 | 1.21±0.30 | 0.662 | 1.07±0.26 | 1.10±0.31 | 0.546 |
| LDL-C (mmol/L) | 2.72±0.87 | 2.61±0.88 | 0.329 | 2.51±0.75 | 2.30±0.76 | 0.075 | 2.68±0.77 | 2.62±0.71 | 0.705 |
| TG/HDL-C | 1.71±1.21 | 1.33±0.97 | 0.006 | 1.15±0.84 | 1.06±0.55 | 0.105 | 1.71±1.39 | 1.48±1.99 | 0.428 |
| Uric acid (μmol/L) | 319.83±106.31 | 309.21±108.40 | 0.483 | 351.25±124.47 | 316.17±117.09 | 0.071 | 312.59±98.39 | 284.50±106.06 | 0.126 |
| HbA1c (%) | 6.72±1.72 | 6.62±1.58 | 0.649 | 6.22±1.33 | 6.74±1.87 | 0.144 | 6.47±1.57 | 5.93±0.91 | 0.090 |
| CRP (μg/mL) | 7.42±13.61 | 11.15±18.34 | 0.095 | 9.81±12.69 | 10.56±11.48 | 0.738 | 7.84±27.67 | 7.95±15.46 | 0.988 |
| HCY (μmol/L) | 17.08±8.92 | 17.63±8.46 | 0.661 | 18.18±9.91 | 16.30±6.71 | 0.214 | 17.11±9.10 | 14.82±3.88 | 0.288 |
| Lp-PLA2 (ng/mL) | 213.93±137.28 | 224.79±137.00 | 0.602 | 244.04±140.23 | 258.92±148.88 | 0.535 | 204.97±118.94 | 183.72±93.68 | 0.444 |
LAA, large artery atherosclerosis; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; NIHSS, National Institute of Health Stroke Scale; TIA, transient ischemic attack; INR, International Normalized Ratio; BUN, blood urea nitrogen; CRP, C-reactive protein; HCY, homocysteine; Lp-PLA2, lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2; TG, triglyceride; TC, total cholesterol; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; TG/HDL-C, TG to HDL-C ratio.
Categorical variables were expressed as frequencies and percentages and were compared by the Chi-squared test. Continuous variables were expressed as the means ± standard deviations (S.D.) or medians (interquartile ranges, IQR), which were compared by the Student’s t test, one-way ANOVA or the Mann–Whitney U-test if necessary.