Table 4. Univariate and multivariate analyses for the potential prognostic factors associated with hemorrhagic transformation by logistic regression model.
| Baseline characteristics | Training cohort | Test cohort | |||||||
| All patients | LAA | LAA | |||||||
| Univariate analysis | Multivariate analysis | Univariate analysis | Multivariate analysis | Univariate analysis | Multivariate analysis | ||||
| Demographic characteristics | P value | OR (95%CI)a | P value | P value | OR (95%CI)b | P value | P value | OR (95%CI)c | P value |
| Sex (male) | 0.419 | - | - | 0.351 | - | - | 0.742 | - | - |
| Age (years) | 0.004 | 1.00 (0.98-1.01) | 0.568 | 0.589 | - | - | 0.040 | 1.11 (0.82-1.32) | 0.144 |
| Weight (kg) | 0.983 | - | - | 0.174 | - | - | 0.308 | - | - |
| Height (cm) | 0.893 | - | - | 0.244 | - | - | 0.516 | - | - |
| Clinical characteristics | |||||||||
| Smoking (yes) | 0.006 | 0.91 (0.59-1.39) | 0.648 | 0.928 | - | - | 0.411 | - | - |
| SBP (mm Hg) | 0.001 | 1.01 (1.00-1.02) | 0.006 | 0.032 | 1.06 (0.83-1.36) | 0.630 | 0.005 | 1.00 (0.77-1.32) | 0.880 |
| DBP (mm Hg) | 0.114 | - | - | 0.265 | - | - | 0.198 | - | - |
| NIHSS on admission | <0.001 | 1.06 (1.03-1.09) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 1.05 (1.01-1.10) | 0.026 | <0.001 | 1.14 (1.01-1.38) | <0.001 |
| Medical history | |||||||||
| Hypertension | 0.957 | - | - | 0.751 | - | - | 0.428 | - | - |
| Diabetes mellitus | 0.033 | 1.42 (0.91-2.20) | 0.119 | 0.003 | 1.21 (1.04-1.41) | 0.012 | <0.001 | 1.86 (1.17-3.25) | <0.001 |
| Coronary artery disease | 0.043 | 1.00 (0.58-1.71) | 0.988 | 0.676 | - | - | 0.546 | - | - |
| History of atrial fibrillation | <0.001 | 1.56 (0.86-2.83) | 0.147 | 0.094 | - | - | 0.095 | - | - |
| Previous TIA | 0.321 | - | - | 0.885 | - | - | 0.612 | - | - |
| Stroke etiology a | <0.001 | ||||||||
| LAA | reference | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
| Cardioembolism | 3.03 (1.91-4.80) | <0.001 | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
| Small-vessel occlusion | 0.75 (0.45-1.23) | 0.266 | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
| Undetermined/unclassified | 1.84 (0.81-4.20) | 0.149 | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
| Prior use of antiplatelets | 0.047 | 1.10 (0.81-1.69) | 0.338 | 0.514 | - | - | 0.191 | - | - |
| Prior use of anticoagulants | 0.246 | - | - | 0.050 | - | - | 0.082 | - | - |
| Laboratory characteristics | |||||||||
| Fasting glucose (mmol/L) | 0.032 | 1.05 (0.98-1.13) | 0.188 | 0.825 | - | - | 0.668 | - | - |
| Platelet (109/L) | 0.012 | 1.00 (0.99-1.00) | 0.603 | 0.508 | - | - | 0.552 | - | - |
| INR | 0.072 | - | - | 0.186 | - | - | 0.257 | - | - |
| BUN (mmol/L) | 0.130 | - | - | 0.389 | - | - | 0.090 | - | - |
| Creatinine (μmol/L) | 0.994 | - | - | 0.996 | - | - | 0.946 | - | - |
| TG (mmol/L) | <0.001 | 0.76 (0.61-1.15) | 0.204 | 0.027 | 0.61 (0.27-0.98) | 0.042 | 0.010 | 0.72 (0.68-0.97) | 0.023 |
| TC (mmol/L) | 0.004 | 0.79 (0.66-1.04) | 0.058 | 0.158 | - | - | 0.106 | - | - |
| HDL-C (mmol/L) | 0.068 | - | - | 0.991 | - | - | 0.044 | 1.05 (0.50-1.03) | 0.094 |
| LDL-C (mmol/L) | 0.012 | 0.79 (0.63-1.01) | 0.063 | 0.328 | - | - | 0.100 | - | - |
| TG/HDL-C | <0.001 | 0.64 (0.49-1.64) | 0.593 | 0.015 | 0.53 (0.20-0.93) | 0.032 | <0.001 | 0.60 (0.45-0.93) | 0.011 |
| Uric acid (μmol/L) | 0.058 | - | - | 0.482 | - | - | 0.095 | - | - |
| HbA1c (%) | 0.691 | - | - | 0.649 | - | - | 0.512 | - | - |
| CRP (μg/mL) | 0.207 | - | - | 0.108 | - | - | 0.224 | - | - |
| HCY (μmol/L) | 0.517 | - | - | 0.661 | - | - | 0.313 | - | - |
| Lp-PLA2 (ng/mL) | 0.174 | - | - | 0.602 | - | - | 0.177 | - | - |
LAA, large artery atherosclerosis; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; NIHSS, National Institute of Health Stroke Scale; TIA, transient ischemic attack; INR, International Normalized Ratio; BUN, blood urea nitrogen; CRP, C-reactive protein; HCY, homocysteine; Lp-PLA2, lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2; TG, triglyceride; TC, total cholesterol; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; TG/HDL-C, TG to HDL-C ratio.
a According to the modified TOAST classification.
-, not available.
aOR, adjusted for age, smoking, SBP, NIHSS on admission, diabetes mellitus, coronary artery disease, history of atrial fibrillation, stroke etiology, prior use of antiplatelets, fasting glucose and platelet; bOR, adjusted for SBP, NIHSS on admission and diabetes mellitus; cOR, age, SBP, NIHSS on admission and diabetes mellitus.