Table 3.

Mean scores and standard deviations for dependent measures, along with outcomes of t tests and Cohen's ds.

Measure	NH (29)		CI (33)		t	p	Cohen's d
	M	SD	M	SD
Phonological
Pig Latin	80.8	24.8	58.4	39.9	2.61	.011	0.68
Backward words	67.5	22.2	55.0	26.3	2.01	.048	0.52
Final consonant choice	87.9	7.7	67.7	19.8	5.16	< .001	1.34
Word reading	117	18	104	18	2.90	.005	0.74
Grammatical judgments	104	14	91	15	3.52	.001	0.90
Verbal working memory	62.6	17.1	48.5	16.9	3.25	.002	0.83
Lexical
Expressive vocabulary	114	15	105	17	2.16	.035	0.55
Bound morphemes	99	19	84	18	3.21	.002	0.82
Sentence comprehension	107	11	101	17	1.56	NS	0.40
Morphosyntactic
Pronouns	170	25	159	23	1.77	.081	0.45
Mean length of utterance	9.9	1.0	9.2	1.0	2.42	.018	0.62
Conjunctions	119	19	105	29	2.38	.021	0.61

Note. Degrees of freedom = 60 for all tests. NH = normal hearing; CI = cochlear implant; NS = not significant.