Table 3. Intervention delivery and participant uptake by treatment groupa.
| Intervention delivery or uptake measure | Data source | Trial arm | WASH | IYCF | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SOCb | IYCFb | WASHb | WASH + IYCFb | Combined WASHc | Non-WASHc | p-Valued | Combined IYCFc | Non-IYCFc | p-Valued | ||
| Delivery of hardware, supplies, and behavior change modules | |||||||||||
| Number of children with 24-month outcomes on whom inferences are based | Trial logs | 374 | 393 | 408 | 440 | 848 | 767 | — | 833 | 782 | — |
| WASH supplies | |||||||||||
| SHINE-installed ventilated improved pit latrine | Trial logs | n/a | n/a | 99.0 | 98.6 | 98.8 | n/a | — | n/a | n/a | — |
| 2 handwashing stations (Tippy Taps) delivered | Trial logs | n/a | n/a | 100.0 | 99.8 | 99.9 | n/a | — | n/a | n/a | — |
| Baby mat delivered | Trial logs | n/a | n/a | 99.0 | 98.9 | 98.9 | n/a | — | n/a | n/a | — |
| Play yard delivered | Trial logs | n/a | n/a | 98.0 | 98.6 | 98.4 | n/a | — | n/a | n/a | — |
| Received ≥16 (80% of expected) soap deliveries | Trial logs | n/a | n/a | 91.2 | 90.5 | 90.8 | n/a | — | n/a | n/a | — |
| Received ≥12 (80% of expected) WaterGuard deliveries | Trial logs | n/a | n/a | 91.2 | 89.8 | 90.5 | n/a | — | n/a | n/a | — |
| IYCF supplies | |||||||||||
| Received ≥11 (80% of expected) SQ-LNS deliveries | Trial logs | n/a | 88.3 | n/a | 89.3 | n/a | n/a | — | 88.8 | n/a | — |
| Behavior change modules | |||||||||||
| Percent intervention modules completed (percent due) | VHW report | 93.2 | 92.6 | 95.0 | 95.0 | 95.0 | 92.9 | 0.017 | 93.9 | 94.3 | 0.69 |
| Participant behaviors at 12-month visit | |||||||||||
| Number of mothers with 12- and 24-month outcomes | Trial logs | 337 | 359 | 368 | 395 | 763 | 696 | — | 754 | 705 | — |
| Number of children with 12- and 24-month outcomes | Trial logs | 340 | 360 | 374 | 399 | 773 | 700 | — | 759 | 714 | — |
| WASH-related behaviors | — | ||||||||||
| Household members who practice open defecation | Maternal report | 43.4 | 37.9 | 0.2 | 0.9 | 0.6 | 40.4 | <0.001 | n/a | n/a | — |
| Any latrine at household | Observed | 34.5 | 43.9 | 100.0 | 99.8 | 99.9 | 39.3 | <0.001 | n/a | n/a | — |
| Improved latrine at household | Observed | 30.0 | 36.8 | 100.0 | 99.2 | 99.6 | 33.5 | <0.001 | n/a | n/a | — |
| Improved latrine at household with well-trodden path, not used for storage, and not shared with other households | Observed and maternal report | 23.2 | 26.8 | 86.9 | 87.5 | 87.5 | 25.0 | <0.001 | n/a | n/a | — |
| Handwashing station at household | Observed | 5.3 | 7.9 | 98.9 | 97.7 | 97.7 | 6.6 | <0.001 | n/a | n/a | — |
| Handwashing station with water and rubbing agent at household | Observed | 2.5 | 2.7 | 85.9 | 85.3 | 85.6 | 2.6 | <0.001 | n/a | n/a | — |
| Ever treats drinking water to make it safer | Maternal report | 12.8 | 12.8 | 89.7 | 87.0 | 88.3 | 12.8 | <0.001 | n/a | n/a | — |
| Disposes rinse water from cleaning infant nappies with feces in a latrine | Maternal report | 32.5 | 36.8 | 77.2 | 79.3 | 78.3 | 34.7 | <0.001 | n/a | n/a | — |
| Play yard is visibly clean | Observed | n/a | n/a | 92.3 | 92.3 | 92.3 | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | — |
| Child ever observed to eat soil | Maternal report | 78.7 | 68.6 | 24.3 | 28.3 | 26.4 | 73.5 | <0.001 | n/a | n/a | — |
| Child ever observed to eat chicken feces | Maternal report | 24.9 | 17.7 | 2.7 | 3.1 | 2.9 | 21.2 | <0.001 | n/a | n/a | — |
| IYCF behaviors | |||||||||||
| Child is still breastfeeding | Maternal report | 97.3 | 97.5 | 97.6 | 96.5 | n/a | n/a | — | 96.9 | 97.5 | 0.55 |
| Mother reports correct ways to feed child during and after illness | Maternal report | 61.6 | 66.7 | 62.2 | 69.7 | n/a | n/a | — | 68.3 | 61.9 | 0.017 |
| Infant diet met minimum dietary diversity in past 24 hourse | Maternal report | 52.6 | 70.4 | 55.4 | 71.1 | n/a | n/a | — | 70.8 | 54.0 | <0.001 |
| Infant consumed iron-rich food in the past 24 hours | Maternal report | 50.0 | 96.9 | 48.9 | 95.7 | n/a | n/a | — | 96.3 | 49.4 | <0.001 |
| Infant consumed animal-source food in the past 24 hours | Maternal report | 62.0 | 70.4 | 61.7 | 70.3 | n/a | n/a | — | 70.3 | 61.9 | 0.003 |
| Infant consumed vitamin-A-rich food in the past 24 hours | Maternal report | 68.5 | 80.6 | 66.9 | 78.1 | n/a | n/a | — | 79.3 | 67.6 | <0.001 |
| SQ-LNS consumed in previous 24 hours | Maternal report | n/a | 96.2 | n/a | 90.5 | n/a | n/a | — | 93.2 | n/a | n/a |
aData are percent, unless otherwise indicated.
bSOC, standard of care; IYCF, infant and young child feeding; WASH, water, sanitation, and hygiene; WASH + IYCF, both IYCF and WASH implemented together.
cCombined WASH collapses the 2 WASH-containing arms (WASH and WASH + IYCF); non-WASH collapses the 2 arms not including WASH (SOC and IYCF). Combined IYCF collapses the 2 IYCF-containing arms (IYCF and WASH + IYCF); non-IYCF collapses the 2 arms not including IYCF (SOC and WASH).
dp-Values adjusted for clustering effect. Depending on the variable type, generalized estimating equation, multinomial, or ordinal regression models with robust variance estimation, or Somers’ D for medians, were used for comparing arms while handling within-cluster correlation.
ePer [45].
n/a, not applicable; SQ-LNS, small-quantity lipid-based nutrient supplement; VHW, village health worker.