Table 1.
Results of fixed effects models for cyber-offending and traditional offending
| Characteristic | Cyber-offending | Traditional offending | Model comparison | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR | SE | OR | SE | χ2 (df) | |
| Household composition | 11.66 (4)* | ||||
| Alone | – | – | – | – | |
| With partner | 0.69* | 0.11 | 0.79*** | 0.00 | 0.75 (1) |
| With partner and child | 0.54*** | 0.09 | 0.81*** | 0.00 | 5.79 (1)* |
| With child | 1.81* | 0.53 | 1.07*** | 0.01 | 2.83 (1)† |
| Other | 0.84 | 0.12 | 0.98*** | 0.00 | 1.04 (1) |
| Employment | 1.40 (2) | ||||
| Not employed | – | – | – | – | |
| Employed non-IT | 0.90 | 0.10 | 0.93*** | 0.00 | 0.06 (1) |
| Employed IT | 1.14 | 0.28 | 0.89*** | 0.01 | 1.02 (1) |
| Education | 0.74 (2) | ||||
| Not in education | – | – | – | – | |
| In non-IT education | 1.10 | 0.24 | 0.92*** | 0.01 | 0.63 (1) |
| In IT-education | 1.06 | 0.41 | 0.88*** | 0.03 | 0.23 (1) |
| Exposure days | 1.12 | 0.40 | 1.39*** | 0.01 | 0.38 (1) |
| Days institutionalizedb | 0.52 | 0.23 | 0.69*** | 0.01 | 0.34 (1) |
| All characteristics combined (χ2(df)) | 227.74 (21)*** | ||||
| N (person-years) | 8752 | 11,840,665 | |||
| Unique individualsa | 870 | 1,144,740 | |||
†p < .10; *p < .05; **p < .01; ***p < .001 (two-tailed)
aAbsolute numbers of unique suspects are rounded to multiples of ten
bIncludes (but is not restricted to) incarceration
Separate year dummy variables were included in the models to control for age and period effects, but these are not displayed in the table
OR odds ratio
SE standard error
df degrees of freedom