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. 2019 Mar 21;14(3):e0213440. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0213440

Table 2. Parameter estimates (effect of each parameter on the mean value) and 95% confidence intervals (95% C.I.) from a series of multivariable linear regression models to identify factors associated with TBS in the HIV UPBEAT cohort.

Model: (i) (ii) (iii) (iv)
Effect on TBS 95% C.I p Effect on TBS 95% C.I p Effect on TBS 95% C.I p Effect on TBS 95% C.I p
HIV status (+ve vs.–ve) -0.024 -0.046, -0.001 0.04 -0.029 -0.053, 0.006 0.01 -0.018 -0.042, 0.006 0.132 0.001 -0.024, 0.027 0.96
LS BMD (per 1g/cm2 increase) 0.003 0.184, 0.321 <0.001 0.002 0.002, 0.003 <0.001 0.002 0.002, 0.003 <.0001 0.200 0.130, 0.270 <0.001
Age (per 5 years increase) - - -0.014 -0.020, 0.009 <0.001 -0.015 -0.021, -0.009 <.0001 -0.014 -0.020, -0.008 <0.001
Gender (male vs. female) - - - -0.0005 -0.024, 0.023 0.96 0.002 -0.022, 0.025 0.876 -0.0004 -0.025, 0.024 0.97
Ethnicity (African vs. non-African) - - - 0.0004 -0.027, 0.028 0.97 -0.013 -0.041, 0.015 0.371 -0.014 -0.042, 0.014 0.32
BMI (per 10kg/m2 increase) - - - 0.006 -0.017, 0.030 0.59 0.0006 -0.022, 0.024 0.958 0.007 -0.015, 0.031 0.50
Current Smoker vs. non-current smoker - - - - - - -0.054 -0.081, -0.027 <.0001 -0.041 -0.067, -0.013 0.004
Albumin (per 5g/L increase) - - - - - - - - - 0.019 0.002, 0.036 0.03
ALP (per 5IU/L increase) - - - - - - - - - -0.004 -0.006, -0.002 <0.001

Model (i) Adjusted for HIV status and Lumbar Spine BMD, (ii). Adjusted for HIV status, lumbar spine BMD, demographics and BMI, (iii). Further adjusted for smoking status, (iv). Additional adjustment for bone biomarkers

TBS—Trabecular bone score C.I—Confidence Interval, HIV status denotes HIV- positive versus HIV -negative status, LS BMD—Lumbar spine bone mineral density, BMI—body mass index, ALP—Alkaline phosphatase.