Table 2. Parameter estimates (effect of each parameter on the mean value) and 95% confidence intervals (95% C.I.) from a series of multivariable linear regression models to identify factors associated with TBS in the HIV UPBEAT cohort.
Model: | (i) | (ii) | (iii) | (iv) | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Effect on TBS | 95% C.I | p | Effect on TBS | 95% C.I | p | Effect on TBS | 95% C.I | p | Effect on TBS | 95% C.I | p | |
HIV status (+ve vs.–ve) | -0.024 | -0.046, -0.001 | 0.04 | -0.029 | -0.053, 0.006 | 0.01 | -0.018 | -0.042, 0.006 | 0.132 | 0.001 | -0.024, 0.027 | 0.96 |
LS BMD (per 1g/cm2 increase) | 0.003 | 0.184, 0.321 | <0.001 | 0.002 | 0.002, 0.003 | <0.001 | 0.002 | 0.002, 0.003 | <.0001 | 0.200 | 0.130, 0.270 | <0.001 |
Age (per 5 years increase) | - | - | -0.014 | -0.020, 0.009 | <0.001 | -0.015 | -0.021, -0.009 | <.0001 | -0.014 | -0.020, -0.008 | <0.001 | |
Gender (male vs. female) | - | - | - | -0.0005 | -0.024, 0.023 | 0.96 | 0.002 | -0.022, 0.025 | 0.876 | -0.0004 | -0.025, 0.024 | 0.97 |
Ethnicity (African vs. non-African) | - | - | - | 0.0004 | -0.027, 0.028 | 0.97 | -0.013 | -0.041, 0.015 | 0.371 | -0.014 | -0.042, 0.014 | 0.32 |
BMI (per 10kg/m2 increase) | - | - | - | 0.006 | -0.017, 0.030 | 0.59 | 0.0006 | -0.022, 0.024 | 0.958 | 0.007 | -0.015, 0.031 | 0.50 |
Current Smoker vs. non-current smoker | - | - | - | - | - | - | -0.054 | -0.081, -0.027 | <.0001 | -0.041 | -0.067, -0.013 | 0.004 |
Albumin (per 5g/L increase) | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.019 | 0.002, 0.036 | 0.03 |
ALP (per 5IU/L increase) | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | -0.004 | -0.006, -0.002 | <0.001 |
Model (i) Adjusted for HIV status and Lumbar Spine BMD, (ii). Adjusted for HIV status, lumbar spine BMD, demographics and BMI, (iii). Further adjusted for smoking status, (iv). Additional adjustment for bone biomarkers
TBS—Trabecular bone score C.I—Confidence Interval, HIV status denotes HIV- positive versus HIV -negative status, LS BMD—Lumbar spine bone mineral density, BMI—body mass index, ALP—Alkaline phosphatase.