Figure 3.

Arthropods have two Teneurin paralogs, Ten-a and Ten-m, while all other protostome genomes have one ‘singleton’ Teneurin. (A) A representation of Ecdysozoan phyla, as ordered in a graphical abstract of Borner et al. (2014) in Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. Deuterostomes, and some non-Ecdysozoan phyla, including Annelids, Platyhelminthes, and Molluscs, also appear. The insects and crustacean sub-phyla are represented together as “Pancrustacea.” On the right side of the panel, the numbers of Teneurin paralog types found for protostome species are listed. Except for Arthropods, all protostome genomes bear one ‘singleton’ Teneurin. (B) Protostome Teneurin protein sequences were compared using Clustal Omega. Teneurins from the following species were used: Schistosoma mansoni from Platyhelminthes, Caenorhabditis elegans from Nematodes, Hypsibius dujardini (a Tardigrade), Euperipatoides rowelli (an Onychophoran), Priapulus caudatus, Lottia gigantea from molluscs; and Capitella telata from Annelids. For Arthropods, Ten-a and Ten-m were used from Ixodes scapularis (Ixodes Tick), the millipede Strigamia maritima (Strig-mar), the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster (Fly), and the water flea Daphnia pulex (Daphnia-pul). Arthropod Ten-a and Ten-m appear on a colored background. Note that even the ‘sister phylum’ of Arthropoda, Onychophora, has a singleton Teneurin.