Table 1.
A summary and comparison of anti-N. ceranae treatments that have displayed efficacy in previous works.
| Treatment type | Bee spore load1 | Bee survival1 | Hive spore load2 | Other effects | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SMALL MOLECULES | |||||
| Metronidazole (in vitro only)** | N/A | N/A | N/A | ↓spore viability | (44) |
| Tinidazole (in vitro only)** | N/A | N/A | N/A | ↓spore viability | (44) |
| Porphyrin: PP(Asp)2 | ↓ | ↑ | N/A | ↓spore viability | (45) |
| Porphyrin: TMePyP | ↓ | N/A | N/A | ↓spore viability | (45) |
| Fumagillin analogsa* | ↓ | † | N/A | N/A | (46) |
| Fumagillol* | ↓ | † | N/A | N/A | (46) |
| Semisynthetic aspirin* | ↓ | † | N/A | N/A | (46) |
| Enilconazole* | ↓ | † | N/A | N/A | (46) |
| Piperonyl analog* | ↓ | † | N/A | N/A | (46) |
| Thymol* | ↓ | † | N/A | N/A | (46) |
| Formic acid (fumigation) | N/A | N/A | ↓ | N/A | (47) |
| Oxalic acid | ↓ | N/A | N/A | N/A | (48) |
| Oxalic acid (topical field trial) | N/A | N/A | ↓ | ↑colony survival | (48) |
| Thymol | ↓ | ↑ | N/A | N/A | (49) |
| Resveratrol | No Effect | ↑ | N/A | N/A | (49) |
| Thymol | ↓ | No Effect | N/A | N/A | (50) |
| Resveratrol | ↓ | ↑ | N/A | N/A | (50) |
| RNA INTERFERENCE | |||||
| ADP/ATP transporter RNAi | ↓ | N/A | N/A | ↑response to sucrose | (51) |
| ptp3 RNAi | ↓ | ↑ | N/A | ↑immune expression | (52) |
| nkd RNAi | ↓ | ↑ | N/A | ↑immune expression | (53) |
| EXTRACTS AND SUPPLEMENTS | |||||
| Polysaccharide extracts* | ↓ | ↑ | N/A | N/A | (54) |
| Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 | N/A | N/A | ↓ | ↓bee midgut lesions; ↑colony strength | (55) |
| EtOH L. nobilis Extract | ↓ | No Effect | N/A | N/A | (56, 57) |
| C. alba EO extract** | ↓ | ↑ | N/A | N/A | (58) |
| Compounds detected in C. alba EO extract+* | ↓ | ↑ | N/A | N/A | (58) |
| MeOH A. chilensis extract | ↓ | No Effect | N/A | N/A | (59) |
| MeOH U. molinae extract | ↓ | ↑ | N/A | N/A | (59) |
| MeOH G. avellana extract | ↓ | No Effect | N/A | N/A | (59) |
| MeOH propolis extract | ↓ | ↑ | N/A | N/A | (59) |
| EtOH propolis extractb | ↓ | ↑ | N/A | N/A | (60) |
| EtOH propolis extractc | ↓ | ↑ | N/A | N/A | (61) |
| BEEWELL AminoPlus | ↓ | No Effect | N/A | ↑immune expression | (62) |
| Nozevitd | N/A | N/A | ↓ | ↑colony strength | (63) |
| HiveAlive | N/A | N/A | ↓ | ↑colony strength | (64) |
| MICROBIAL SUPPLEMENTS | |||||
| Bacterial surfactin | ↓ | ↑ | N/A | ↓spore viability | (65) |
| L. johnsonii metabolites | N/A | N/A | ↓ | ↑fat bodies per bee; ↑colony strength | (66) |
| Bifidobacteria | ↓ | N/A | N/A | N/A | (67) |
| Lactobacilli | ↓ | N/A | N/A | N/A | (67) |
| P. apium | No Effect | ↑ | N/A | N/A | (68) |
| Bacillus sp. | No Effect | ↑ | N/A | N/A | (68) |
| Bactocell | No Effect | ↑ | N/A | N/A | (68) |
| Levucell SB | No Effect | ↑ | N/A | N/A | (68) |
Treatments not delivered orally are labeled as such. An increase is marked by “↑” and a decrease by “↓”. Metrics that were not measured are labeled non-applicable (N/A).
1Measured in cage/inoculation experiments; 2Measured in full colonies;
**
As effective as fumagillin according to authors;
*
Less effective than fumagillin according to authors;
a
Four in-house synthetic fumagillin analogs were tested;
b
Tested only in Apis cerana;
c
Tested only in Apis florea;
d
Van den Heever et al. (46) found no effect;
†
Bee mortality varied between treatments and compound concentrations; +β-phellandrene, eucalyptol, and α-terpineol.