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. 2019 Mar 10;20(5):1210. doi: 10.3390/ijms20051210

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© 2019 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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(a) In vitro cytotoxicity test of Nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC) bioink. Human nasal chondrocytes (hNC) and rabbit auricular chondrocytes (rAC) were used as indicator cells to determine the cytotoxic effects potentially caused by bioink components, cross-linking, or the bioprinting process. (b) 3D bioprinting process of chondrocyte-laden NFC-A auricular construct with open porosity. (c) 3D bioprinted auricular and (d) lattice-structured constructs, laden with hNCs, after 28 days of culture. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [93].