. 2019 Mar 6;20(5):1142. doi: 10.3390/ijms20051142

Table 2.

Modulation of human Treg cell subsets following GC treatment in health and diseases.

Paper	Disease	Drug, Dose, and Days of Treatment	Time Elapsed from the Last Treatment	Evaluated Tissue	Treg Population	Modulation of the Treg Subset (Significance) ¹
Sbiera et al. 2011 [119]	No disease	(14 days protocol) treatment with prednisolone, i.v., 250 μg/day, on days 1–3 i.v., 150 μg on day 4 os, 100 μg/day on days 5–9 os, 75 μg/day on days 10–11 os, 50 μg on day 12 os, 20 μg on day 13 os, 10 μg on day 14	on treatment	peripheral blood mononuclear cells	% FoxP3⁺ in CD4⁺ T cells	↓(*) vs. baseline
					CD4⁺CD25^highFoxP3⁺ absolute number	↑(*) vs. baseline
					% CD127⁻ in CD4⁺ T cells	↑(*) vs. baseline
					CD4⁺CD25^highFoxP3⁺CD127⁻ absolute number	↑(***) vs. baseline
					CD4⁺CD25^highFoxP3⁺CTLA⁺ absolute number	↑(*) vs. baseline
Hartl et al. 2007 [132]	Asthma	28 day treatment with inhaled fluticasone, 0.4 μg/day	after treatment	blood, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid	% CD25^high in CD4⁺ T cells	↑(* blood and ** bronchoalveolar lavage fluid) vs. baseline
Hartl et al. 2007 [132]	Asthma	at least 90 day treatment with inhaled fluticasone, 0.4 μg/day	on treatment	blood, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid	% CD25^high in CD4⁺ T cells	↑(* blood and ** bronchoalveolar lavage fluid) vs. untreated asthma patients
Karagiannidis et al. 2004 [98]	Severe asthma	treatment with inhaled fluticasone, 2 μg/day plus prednisolone, os, 42.2 μg/day	12h after the last treatment	blood	CD4⁺CD25⁺CD45RO⁺CD62L⁺ absolute number	↑(*) vs. baseline
			3h after the last treatment	peripheral blood mononuclear cells	FoxP3 expression in CD4⁺ T cells (q-PCR)	↑(*) vs. baseline
			on treatment	peripheral blood mononuclear cells	FoxP3 expression in CD4⁺ T cells (q-PCR)	↑() vs. healthy controls ↑(*) vs. untreated moderate asthma patients
	Moderate asthma	inhaled steroids	on treatment	peripheral blood mononuclear cells	% CD25^high in CD4⁺ T cells	↑() vs. healthy controls ↑(*) vs. baseline
Seissler et al. 2012 [133]	Kidney transplant	3 day treatment with methylprednisolone, 125 or 250 μg/day	on treatment	peripheral blood mononuclear cells	% DR^highCD45RA⁻ in FoxP3⁺CD127^low/− Treg cells	↑(*) at day 1 and 2, vs. baseline ↑() at day 3 vs. baseline
					% DR⁺CD45RA⁻ in FoxP3⁺CD127^low/− Treg cells	↑(*) at day 1 vs. baseline ↑() at day 2 and 3 vs. baseline
					% DR^lowCD45RA⁻ in FoxP3⁺CD127^low/− Treg cells	↑(*) at day 1 vs. baseline
					% DR⁻CD45RA⁺ in FoxP3⁺CD127^low/− Treg cells	↓(**) at day 3 vs. baseline
Azab et al. 2008 [134]	Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)	at least 90 day treatment with glucocorticoids therapy (various doses)	on treatment	peripheral blood mononuclear cells	MFI of CD25 in CD4⁺CD25⁺ T cells	↑(*) vs. healthy controls
					MFI of CD25 in CD4⁺CD25^high T cells	↑(*) vs. healthy controls
					% CD25⁺ in CD4⁺ T cells	↑(*) vs. healthy controls and untreated patients
Mathian et al. 2015 [135]	Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)	3 day treatment with methylprednisolone, i.v., 500 or 1000 μg/day	on treatment	peripheral blood mononuclear cells	% FoxP3^brightCD45RA⁻ in CD4⁺ T cells	↑() at day 1 and 3 vs. baseline ↑(*) at day 2 vs. baseline
Suarez et al. 2006 [136]	Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)	at least 90 day treatment with glucocorticoids therapy (various doses)	on treatment	blood	% CD25^high in CD4⁺ T cells	↑() vs. baseline ↑ (*) vs. healthy controls
Zhang et al. 2008 [137]	Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)	treatment with prednisolone, ≥1 μg/day plus intravenous cyclophosphamide, every 2–4 weeks	on treatment	peripheral blood mononuclear cells	% CD25^high in CD4⁺ T cells	↑(*) vs. baseline
Li et al. 2011 [138]	Immune thrombocytopenia	(28 days protocol) treatment with dexamethasone, os, 40 μg/day, on day 1–4 prednisone, os, 60 μg/day, on day 5–7 prednisone, os, 30 μg/day, on day 8–14 prednisone, os, 15 μg/day, on day 15–21 prednisone, os, 10 μg/day, on day 22–28	on treatment	blood	CD4⁺CD25⁺CD127⁻ absolute number	↑() vs. baseline ↓() vs. day 14 of treatment
Li et al. 2013 [99]	Immune thrombocytopenia	4 day treatment with dexamethasone, 40 μg/day	N.A.	peripheral blood mononuclear cells	FoxP3 expression (q-PCR)	↑(**) vs. untreated patients
Li et al. 2013 [99]	Immune thrombocytopenia	4 day treatment with dexamethasone, 40 μg/day	N.A.	peripheral blood mononuclear cells	CD4⁺CD25^highFoxP3⁺ absolute number	↑(*) vs. untreated patients
Ling et al. 2007 [139]	Immune thrombocytopenia	4 day treatment with dexamethasone, os, 40 μg/day	1 day after the last treatment	peripheral blood mononuclear cells	% FoxP3⁺ in CD4⁺ T cells	↑(****) vs. baseline
Keijsers et al. 2015 [140]	Psoriasis	56 day treatment with calcipotriol–betamethasone dipropionate ointment	after treatment	skin biopsies	FoxP3⁺ cells/mm² (IHC)	↓(**) vs. baseline
Keijsers et al. 2015 [140]	Psoriasis		after treatment	skin biopsies	FoxP3/CD4 ratio (IHC)	↓(*) vs. baseline
Braitch et al. 2009 [141]	Multiple sclerosis (relapse)	3 day treatment with methylprednisolone, i.v., 1000 μg/day	on treatment	peripheral blood mononuclear cells	CD4⁺ CD25^high absolute number	↑(**) vs. baseline
Braitch et al. 2009 [141]	Multiple sclerosis (relapse)	3 day treatment with methylprednisolone, i.v., 1000 μg/day	on treatment	peripheral blood mononuclear cells	FoxP3/CD3 ratio (q-PCR)	↑(**) vs. baseline
Muls et al. 2015 [142]	Multiple sclerosis (relapse)	5 day treatment with methylprednisolone, i.v., 1000 μg/day	on treatment	peripheral blood mononuclear cells	% CD25^highFOXP3⁺ in lymphoid cells	↓(****) vs. baseline
					% CD25^highFOXP3⁺ in CD4⁺ T cells	↓(*) vs. baseline
					FoxP3 expression (q-PCR) in CD4⁺ T cells	↓(**) vs. baseline
					CD4⁺CD25^highFOXP3⁺CD39⁺ absolute number	↑(*) vs. baseline

¹ ↑, increase; (*) p < 0.05, (**) p < 0.01, (***) p < 0.001, (****) p < 0.0001; ↓, decrease; (*) p < 0.05, (**) p < 0.01, (****) p < 0.0001.