Table 2.
Epidemiological studies of green tea drinking on EC risk.
| Author [Reference] Location Year |
Study Type Number of Subjects/Participants |
Green Tea Drinking: Frequency or Amount | Risk Estimate of RR (95% CI) | Comments |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Zheng et al. [32] 2012 |
Meta-analysis 8 case control 2 cohort studies 33,731 participants 3557 cases |
Males and Females | No significant association between green tea consumption and EC risk, but an evidence of protective effect was observed among female. | |
| Non-tea drinker | 1.00 | |||
| Tea drinker | 0.86 (0.7–1.03) | |||
| Males | ||||
| Non-tea drinker | 1.00 | |||
| Tea drinker | 1.04 (0.49–1.59) | |||
| Females | ||||
| Non-tea drinker | 1.00 | |||
| Tea drinker | 0.43 (0.21–0.66) | |||
| Nechuta et al. [28] China 2012 |
Prospective cohort study 69,310 participants |
Non-tea drinker | 1.00 | Adjusted for age, marital status, education, occupation, BMI, exercise, fruit and vegetable intake, meat intake, diabetes, and family history of digestive system cancer. |
| Tea drinker: | ||||
| Amount | ||||
| <100 g/month | 0.87 (0.55–1.37) | |||
| 100–150 g/month | 0.74 (0.47–1.17) | |||
| ≥150 g/month | 0.76 (0.48–1.19) | |||
| Non-tea drinker | 1.00 | |||
| Tea drinker: | ||||
| Duration | ||||
| <10 years | 0.85 (0.55–1.32) | |||
| 10–19 years | 0.77 (0.46–1.28) | |||
| ≥20 years | 0.74 (0.49, 1.14) | |||
| Overall | ||||
| Non-tea drinker | 1.00 | |||
| Green tea drinker | 0.77 (0.57–1.03) | |||
| Zheng et al. [30] 2013 |
Meta-analysis 14 case control 2 cohort studies 487,894 controls 7376 cases 8,874,734 participants |
Overall | Green tea consumption was slightly inversely associated with EC risk, and it was more evident in Chinese population. No protective effect was found for black tea consumption. | |
| Non-tea drinker | 1.00 | |||
| Green tea drinker | 0.77 (0.57–1.04) | |||
| China | ||||
| Non-tea drinker | 1.00 | |||
| Green tea drinker | 0.64 (0.44–0.95) | |||
| Sang et al. [31] 2013 |
Meta-analysis 10 case control 2 cohort studies 487,894 controls 3821 cases |
Males and Females | No significant association between green tea consumption and risk of EC. However, subgroup analysis showed a significant reduction (54%) in risk of EC in women with the highest green tea consumption compared with no/occasional drinkers. | |
| Non-tea drinker | 1.00 | |||
| Tea drinker | 1.14 (0.97–1.35) | |||
| Moderate Drinker | 0.94 (0.77–0.13) | |||
| Little-drinker | 0.97 (0.77–1.22) | |||
| Females | ||||
| Non-tea drinker | 1.00 | |||
| Tea drinker | 0.46 (0.29–0.73) | |||
| Oze et al. [39] Japan 2014 |
Hospital based case control study 961/2883 |
Frequency | Models included age, sex, coffee and green tea intake, cumulative smoking, alcohol consumption, fruit and vegetable intake, body mass index, occupation and frequency of rice intake. | |
| Less than 1cup/day | 1.00 | |||
| 1 cup/day | 1.20 (0.82–1.77) | |||
| 2 cups/day | 1.00 (0.65–1.65) | |||
| ≥3 cups/day | 1.31 (0.95–1.81) | |||
| Zamora-Ros et al. [40] 9 European countries 2014 |
Prospective cohort study 442,143 participants |
Non-tea drinker | 1.00 | Adjusted for center, sex, age, educational level, smoking status and intensity, physical activity, energy intake, daily consumption of fruit, vegetables, red and processed meat and coffee and tea mutually. |
| Green tea drinker | ||||
| Amount | ||||
| <178.6 mg/d | 0.85 (0.60–1.20) | |||
| ≥178.6 mg/d | 0.74 (0.51–1.08) | |||
| Das et al. [34] India 2015 |
Hospital based case control study 39/41 |
Tea drinker | Drinking tea ≥ 3 cups/day, the occurrence rate of ESCC increased. | |
| cups/day | ||||
| 2 | p = 0.0003 | |||
| 3 | ||||
| 4 | ||||
| Tai et al. [41] China 2017 |
Population-based case-control study 167/167 |
Tea temperature: | Age, sex, education level, body mass index, smoking status, alcohol drinking, family history of cancer in first degree relatives, and daily intakes of vegetables and fruits | |
| Low or mild (<60 °C) | 1.0 | |||
| High (≥60 °C) | 2.23 (1.45–2.90) | |||
| Yang et al. [42] China 2018 |
Population based case control study 1355/1962 |
Never tea drinking | 1.00 | Adjusted for age, marital status, education, occupation, family wealth score, body mass index 10 years ago, sum of missing and filled teeth, number of tooth brushing per day, smoking pack-years, alcohol consumption intensity and family history of EC among first-degree relatives. |
| Hot tea drinking | 2.15 (1.52–3.05) | |||
| Yu et al. [43] China 2018 |
Population based cohort study 456,155 participants |
Frequency * | Adjusted for age, sex, education, marital status, household income, physical activity, intake of red meat, fresh fruits and vegetables and preserved vegetables, body mass index, family history of cancer, and tobacco smoking. *: Participants who consumed pure alcohol <15 g/day or didn’t drink alcohol everyday **: Participants who consumed pure alcohol >15 g/day All of the data was calculated with participants who consumed tea less than weekly and consumed <15 g/d of pure alcohol as the reference category. |
|
| Less Than Weekly | 1.00 | |||
| Weekly | 0.82 (0.57–1.18) | |||
| Daily | ||||
| Warm | 0.92 (0.66–1.30) | |||
| Hot | 1.23 (0.96–1.59) | |||
| Burning hot | 1.36 (1.00–1.86) | |||
| Frequency ** | ||||
| Less Than Weekly | 1.90 (1.57–2.31) | |||
| Weekly | 2.60 (1.79–3.76) | |||
| Daily | ||||
| Warm | 3.74 (2.86–4.90) | |||
| Hot | 3.84 (3.06–4.83) | |||
| Burning hot | 5.00 (3.64–6.88) |