Table 3.
Anticancer effects of green tea and its bioactive constituents on EC in in vitro and in vivo studies.
| Author/ Reference |
Compound/ Doses |
Cell Line | Animal Model | Observed Effects | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ye et al. [17] |
EGCG 20–40 μM |
TE-8 SKGT-4 | NA | ↓ ↑ |
Cell proliferation, Invasion, pERK1/2, c-Jun, COX-2 Caspase-3 |
| Ye et al. [17] |
EGCG 50 μg/kg/day |
NA | Nude mouse xenograft | ↓ | Tumor growth, Ki67, pERK1/2, COX-2 |
| Hou et al. [19] |
EGCG 5–50 μM |
KYSE150 OE-19 | NA | ↓ | EGFR, pEGFR, HER-2/neu, pHER-2/neu, PDGFRβ and colony formation |
| Liu et al. [22] |
EGCG 0–400 μM |
Eca-109 Te-1 | NA | ↓ ↑ |
Proliferation, Cell cycle, VEGF Apoptosis, ROS, cleaved caspase-3 |
| Liu et al. [22] |
EGCG 10 mg/kg/day |
NA | Nude mouse xenograft | ↓ ↑ |
VEGF, Tumor growth Cleaved-caspase-3 |
| Gao et al. [23] |
EGCG 50 μM |
Eca-109 | NA | ↑ | Apoptosis, Caspase-3, Caspase-9, JNK, P38 |
| Meng et al. [44] |
EGCG 0–200 mg/L |
Eca-109 | NA | ↓ ↑ |
Cell proliferation Apoptosis, p16 gene demethylation |
| Liu et al. [45] |
EGCG 0–400 mg/L |
Ec-9706 Eca-109 | NA | ↓ ↑ |
Cell proliferation, telomerase activity, mitochondrial membrane potential Apoptosis, Caspase-3 |
| Liu et al. [46] |
EGCG 0–400 mg/L |
Ec-9706 Eca-109 | NA | ↓ ↑ |
Cell proliferation, Bcl-2 Apoptosis, Bax, Caspase-3 |
| Li et al. [47] |
EGCG4–10 mg/kg | NA | NMBA-induced F344 rat | ↓ | Cyclin D1, COX-2, PGE-2, tumor growth, EC incidence rate |
| Song et al. [48] |
Polyphenon E 20–40 μg/mL |
SEG-1 BIC-1 SKGT-4 BE-3 |
NA | ↓ ↑ |
Cell proliferation, Cyclin D1, Apoptosis, dephosphorylation of Rb |
| Chen et al. [49] |
Green tea 1–5 g |
NA | NMBA-induced Wistar rat | ↓ | Tumor incidence, tumor growth, DNA methylation, urinary N-nitrosoproline (NPRO) excretion, incidences of general lesions and precancerous lesions |
| Fang et al. [50] |
EGCG 5–50 μM |
KYSE 510 | NA | ↓ ↑ |
DNMT, cell growth Reversal of hypermethylation and reactivation of RARβ, MGMT, p16INK4a and hMLH1 |
| Morse et al. [51] |
EGCG 360 or 1200 ppm |
NA | NMBA-induced F344 rat | ↓ | Tumor incidence, tumor multiplicity |
| Wang et al. [52] |
0.6% or 0.9% green tea extract | NA | NMBA- induced rat model | ↓ | Tumor incidence, tumor multiplicity, tumor growth |
Note: NA, No available; ↓ Inhibit; ↑ Promote. Abbreviation: pERK, phosphorylated extracellular regulated protein kinases; COX-2, Cyclooxygenase-2; EGFR, epidermal growth factor receptor; pEGFR, phosphorylated epidermal growth factor receptor; HER-2, human epidermal growth factor receptor-2; PDGFRβ, platelet—derived growth factor receptor β; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor; ROS, reactive oxygen species; JNK, c-Jun N-terminal kinase; BCL-2, B-cell lymphoma-2; Prostaglandin E2, PGE-2; MGMT, O6-methylguanine methyltransferase; hMLH1, human mutL homologue 1; RARβ, retinoic acid receptor; NMBA, N-Nitrosomethylbenzylamine; DNMT, DNA methyltransferases.