Table 2.
Main and interaction effects of mood disorder status and childhood maltreatment on diagnoses of medical illnesses
| Model 1, adjusted for gender and age | Model 2, adjusted for age, gender, illness duration and age of mood disorder onset | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR | 95% CI | P | OR | 95% CI | P | |
| At least one medical illness | ||||||
| Main effects | ||||||
| Bipolar disorder diagnosis | 3.12 | 1.81–5.42 | <0.001 | – | – | – |
| Unipolar depression diagnosis | 3.05 | 2.08–4.46 | <0.001 | – | – | – |
| Childhood maltreatmenta | 2.15 | 1.52–3.05 | <0.001 | – | – | – |
| Child abuseb | 2.35 | 1.62–3.41 | <0.001 | – | – | – |
| Child neglectc | 2.48 | 1.68–3.65 | <0.001 | – | – | – |
| Married or cohabiting | 0.93 | 0.55–1.55 | 0.770 | – | – | – |
| Years in education | 0.93 | 0.84–1.03 | 0.150 | – | – | – |
| Employed | 0.70 | 0.41–1.20 | 0.198 | – | – | – |
| Clinical characteristics of mood disorder: | ||||||
| Age of mood disorder onset | 0.96 | 0.94–0.99 | 0.002 | – | – | – |
| Duration of illness for mood disorder | 1.04 | 1.02–1.07 | 0.001 | – | – | – |
| Number of depressive episodes | 1.01 | 0.99–1.03 | 0.281 | – | – | – |
| Interaction effects | ||||||
| Bipolar disorder × childhood maltreatment | 7.64 | 2.21–26.41 | 0.001 | 6.13 | 1.78–21.07 | 0.004 |
| Bipolar disorder × abuse | 9.13 | 2.39–34.97 | 0.001 | 3.01 | 0.94–9.63 | 0.063 |
| Bipolar disorder × neglect | 4.14 | 0.99–17.37 | 0.052 | 3.58 | 1.10–11.64 | 0.034 |
| Unipolar depression × childhood maltreatment | 1.38 | 0.59–3.21 | 0.455 | 0.98 | 0.51–1.86 | 0.939 |
| Unipolar depression × abuse | 1.96 | 0.74–5.17 | 0.173 | 1.05 | 0.56–2.02 | 0.862 |
| Unipolar depression × neglect | 1.24 | 0.48–3.23 | 0.660 | 1.26 | 0.66–2.43 | 0.482 |
| Number of medical illnesses | ||||||
| Main effects | ||||||
| Bipolar disorder diagnosis | 3.57 | 2.10–6.09 | <0.001 | – | – | – |
| Unipolar depression diagnosis | 3.31 | 2.28–4.79 | <0.001 | – | – | – |
| Childhood maltreatmenta | 2.19 | 1.57–3.07 | <0.001 | – | – | – |
| Child abuseb | 2.54 | 1.78–3.63 | <0.001 | – | – | – |
| Child neglectc | 2.58 | 1.78–3.73 | <0.001 | – | – | – |
| Married or cohabiting | 0.97 | 0.60–1.58 | 0.904 | – | – | – |
| Years in education | 0.93 | 0.84–1.02 | 0.118 | – | – | – |
| Employed | 0.65 | 0.39–1.09 | 0.099 | – | – | – |
| Clinical characteristics of mood disorder: | ||||||
| Age of mood disorder onset | 0.97 | 0.94–0.99 | 0.004 | – | – | – |
| Duration of illness for mood disorder | 1.04 | 1.01–1.06 | 0.003 | – | – | – |
| Number of depressive episodes | 1.02 | 1.00–1.04 | 0.128 | – | – | – |
| Interaction effects | ||||||
| Bipolar disorder × childhood maltreatment | 7.18 | 2.23–23.08 | 0.001 | 4.95 | 1.66–14.73 | 0.004 |
| Bipolar disorder × abuse | 8.70 | 2.49–30.33 | 0.001 | 3.14 | 1.06–9.32 | 0.039 |
| Bipolar disorder × neglect | 3.58 | 1.01–12.73 | 0.049 | 3.56 | 1.26–10.11 | 0.017 |
| Unipolar depression × childhood maltreatment | 1.36 | 0.60–3.10 | 0.460 | 1.08 | 0.59–1.98 | 0.800 |
| Unipolar depression × abuse | 1.91 | 0.74–4.92 | 0.183 | 1.13 | 0.62–2.08 | 0.690 |
| Unipolar depression × neglect | 1.40 | 0.55–3.54 | 0.476 | 1.54 | 0.84–2.85 | 0.166 |
OR, odds ratio derived from binary logistic regression for ‘at least one medical illness’ and from ordinal logistic regression for ‘number of medical illnesses’.
a.
Childhood maltreatment was considered present if any type of child abuse or neglect were rated as moderate or severe.
b.
Child abuse was considered present if any form of child abuse was rated as moderate or severe.
c.
Child neglect was considered present if physical or emotional neglect was rated as moderate or severe.