Table 3.
Associations between cultural engagement and the risk of developing depression over the following 10 years (n = 2148)a
| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR | 95% CI | P | OR | 95% CI | P | OR | 95% CI | P | |
| Never | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||||
| Less than once a year | 0.77 | 0.53–1.13 | 0.19 | 0.80 | 0.54–1.18 | 0.26 | 0.80 | 0.54–1.19 | 0.27 |
| Once or twice a year | 0.71 | 0.50–1.01 | 0.060 | 0.75 | 0.52–1.07 | 0.10 | 0.74 | 0.51–1.06 | 0.10 |
| Every few months | 0.65 | 0.45–0.93 | 0.018 | 0.69 | 0.48–1.00 | 0.048 | 0.68 | 0.47–0.99 | 0.046 |
| Once a month or more | 0.49 | 0.32–0.73 | 0.001 | 0.52 | 0.34–0.79 | 0.002 | 0.52 | 0.34–0.80 | 0.003 |
Results in bold are significant.
a.
Model 1 adjusted for baseline depressive symptoms, age, gender, marital status, ethnicity, educational attainment, employment status and wealth. Model 2 additionally adjusted for eyesight, hearing, chronic health conditions, pain and alcohol consumption. Model 3 additionally adjusted for social networks, civic engagement, having a hobby or pastime, or reading a daily newspaper.