Table 1.
Publications describing the use of extracellular vesicles, circulating tumor cells, cell-free DNA, and cell-free RNA for diagnosis and monitoring of thyroid cancer.
| Liquid Biopsy in Thyroid Cancer | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sample Type | Object | Up-/Down-Regulation | Histotype | References |
| EV | miR-146b, miR-222 | Up | PTC | [66] |
| miR-222, miR-142 | Up | PTC | [68] | |
| miR-25-3p, miR-451a, miR-140-3p, let-7 | Up | PTC | [70] | |
| miR-31-5p, miR-126-3p, miR-145-5p, miR-181a miR-21 |
Up | PTCFTC | [71] | |
| miR-21, miR-181a-5p | Up | PTC | [73] | |
| SRC, TLN1, ITGB2, CAPNS1 | - | PTC | [78] | |
| Drug delivery system | - | TC | [79] | |
| The increase of EPC-EVs and laminins involves folliculogenesis | Up | FTC | [80] | |
| lncRNAs, linc-ROR | - | PTC | [74] | |
| lncRNA MALAT1, SLUG, SOX2,and induced EMT | - | PTC | [81] | |
| CTC | Calcitonin-positive CTCs after 12 years | Up | MTC | [82] |
| High number of CTCs | Up | DTC DM+ | [83] | |
| CTCs ≥ 5 is worse OS | - | TC | [84] | |
| High number of CTCs → progressive cancer disease | - | TC | [85] | |
| PCR detection | - | TC | [86] | |
| cfDNA/ ctDNA | BRAF mutation and deregulation miRNA | Up/Down | PTC | [87] |
| RETM91PT mutation | - | MTC | [20] | |
| cfDNA integrity index | - | TC | [88] | |
| BRAF mutation | - | TC | [89] | |
| 95% common alteration between cfDNA and tissue DNA | - | FTC | [90] | |
| BRAF, PIK3CA, NRAS, PTEN, TP53 mutation in cfDNA and tissue DNA | - | ATC | [21] | |
| BRAF mutation | - | PTC | [91] | |
| ctDNA panel: 9 cancer gene driver | - | TC | [92] | |
| BRAFV600 | Up | PTC | [93] | |
| BRAFV600 | Up | PTC | [94] | |
| BRAFV600 | Up | DTC | [95] | |
| cfDNA methylation of β-actin, CDH1,DAPK, CALCA, and RARβ2 | - | DTC | [96] | |
| BRAFV600 | Up | PTC | [97] | |
| High number | Up | DTC | [98] | |
| BRAFV600 | Up | PTC | [99] | |
| cfRNA | miR-146a-5p, miR221-3p | Up | PTC | [67] |
| let-7e, miR-151-5p, miR-222 | Up | PTC | [16] | |
| miR-579, miR-95, miR-29b, miR-190 | Down Up |
PTC | [69] | |
| miR-21, miR-151-5p, miR-222, miR-221 | Up | PTC | [72] | |
| let-7e, miR-151-5p, miR-222 | Up | PTC | [16] | |
| miR-146a-5p, miR-150-5p, miR-199b-3p, miR-342-3p | Down | PTC | [100] | |
Abbreviations: EV, extracellular vesicles; CTC, circulating tumor cells; cfDNA, cell-free DNA; ctDNA, circulating tumor DNA; cfRNA, cell-free RNA; EPC, endothelial progenitor cells; lncRNA, long non-coding RNA; linc-ROR, long intergenic non-protein coding RNA, regulator of reprogramming; EMT, epithelial-mesenchymal transition; miRNA, micro RNA; PTC, papillary thyroid carcinoma; FTC, follicular thyroid carcinoma; TC, thyroid carcinoma; MTC, medullary thyroid carcinoma; DTC, differentiated thyroid carcinoma; DM+, distant metastasis positive; ATC, anaplastic thyroid carcinoma.