Table 1.
Summary of reviewed results.
| Authors | Subject of Study | Dose of Liraglutide | Results |
|---|---|---|---|
| Batista et al. (2018) [100] | Non-human primate model, male Swiss mice | 0.006 mg/kg for the first week and 0.012mg/kg thereafter 25 nmol/kg/day for 7 days | ↑ cAMP/PKA ↓ Aβ plaques ↓ memory impairment ↓ synapse loss |
| Briyal et al. (2014) [25] | Sprague-Dawley rats | Pretreated 50 μg/kg per day for 14 days | ↓ infract size after MCAO, ↓ neurological deficit, ↑ Bcl-2, ↓ Bax, ↓MDA, ↑ GSH, ↓ TUNEL-positive cells, ↑ SOD |
| Dai et al. (2013) [53] | HUVECs | 10, 100, 1000 ng/mL for 6–24 h | ↓ NF-κB, ↓ ET-1, ↑ eNOS, ↓ IL-6 |
| Deng et al. (2018) [37] | Sprague-Dawley rats | 100 μg/kg twice daily for 7 days prior MCAO | ↓ infract size after MCAO, ↓ neurological deficit, ↑ SOD, ↓ MPO |
| Dong et al. (2017) [30] | Sprague-Dawley rats | 1 day after MCAO–50, 100, 200 μg/kg per day for 4 weeks | ↑ mNSS, ↑ 18F-FDG, ↑ NeuN, ↑ GFAP, ↑ vWF |
| Hansen et al. (2015) [101] | SAMP8 mice | 100 or 500 g/kg/day s.c. for 4 months | ↑ memory retention; ↑ CA1 neuron number |
| Hansen et al. (2016) [102] | hTauP301L transgenic mice | 500 mg/kg/day for 6 months | ↓ NFTs ↑motor function |
| Holubová et al. (2019) [103] | APP/PS1 mice | 0.2 mg/kg /day for 3 months | ↓ Aβ plaques ↓ caspase-3 |
| McClean et al. (2011) [98] | APP/PS1 mice | 25 nmol/kg for 2 months | ↓ synapse loss ↓ Aβ plaques ↓ memory impairment ↑ recognition test score |
| McClean et al. (2013) [99] | APP/PS1 mice | 25 nmol/kg for 2 months | ↓ Aβ plaques ↑ neuronal progenitor cell count ↓ inflammatory response in CNS |
| Li et al. (2016) [35] | db/db mouse | 0.1 mg/mL administered intraperitoneally during the 0, 3, 6, or 12 h reperfusion periods following MCAO | ↓ ROS, ↓ NF-κB, ↓ ICAM-1, ↓ caspase-3, ↓ TUNEL-positive cells ↑ p-AKT, ↑ p-eNOS |
| Parthsarathy et Hölscher (2013) [90] | APP/PS1 transgenic mice | 25 nmol/kg per day for 7 days 25 nmol/kg per day for 37 days |
↑NSC proliferation ↑NSC differentiation |
| Shiraki et al. (2012) [36] | HUVECs | Pre-incubated 30nM/mL for 1 h | ↓ ROS, ↑ SOD, ↑ catalase |
| Tashiro et al. (2014) [63] | Human macrophages and apoE−/− mice | 107 nmol/kg/day for 4 weeks | ↓ foam cells, ↓ macrophage-driven atherosclerotic lesions, |
| Zhu et al. (2016) [28] | Sprague-Dawley rats | 1 h after MCAO–100 μg/kg per day for 1, 3 and 7 days | ↓ infract size after MCAO, ↓ neurological deficit, ↑ Bcl-2, ↑ Bcl-xl, ↓ Bax, ↓ Bad, ↓ ROS |
Note: ↓ = reduction, ↑ = increase, MCAO = middle cerebral artery occlusion, Bcl-2 = B-cell lymphoma 2, Bax = bcl-2-like protein 4, MDA = malondialdehyde, GSH = glutathione, TUNEL = Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling TUNEL-positive cells-apoptotic cells, SOD = superoxide dismutase, Bcl-xl = B-cell lymphoma-extra-large, Bad = Bcl-2-associated death promoter, ROS = Reactive oxygen species, mNSS = modified neurological severity score, 18F-FDG = 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose, NeuN = neurons marker, GFAP = Glial fibrillary acidic protein, vWF = von Willebrand Factor, s.c. = subcutaneous, NFκB = Nuclear Factor-kappaB, ICAM-1 = Intercellular Adhesion Molecule 1, p-AKT = phosphorylated protein kinase B, p-eNOS = phosphorylated endothelial nitric oxide synthase, HUVECs = human umbilical vein endothelial cells, MPO = myeloperoxidase, ET-1 = Endothelin-1, eNOS = endothelial nitric oxide synthase, IL-6 = Interleukin-6, NFTs = neurofibrillary tangles, Aβ = amyloid β, db/db mouse = mouse with leptin receptor db mutation, NSCs = neuronal stem cells, CA1 = cornu ammonis, cAMP/PKA = cyclic adenosine monophosphate/phosphorylase kinase A.