AAEE, AAEE-Pe, and AAEE-Ea induced ROS generation and ER stress. (A) BEL-7404 cells were treated with 150 μg/mL of AAEE, AAEE-Pe, and AAEE-Ea and the levels of ROS were analyzed by flow cytometry at indicated time points. (B) H22 cells were treated with different concentrations of AAEE, AAEE-Pe, and AAEE-Ea for 24 h and the levels of ROS were analyzed by flow cytometry. (C) BEL-7404 and H22 cells were treated with different concentrations of AAEE, AAEE-Pe, and AAEE-Ea for 24 h. Cell lysates were used to analyze the levels of CHOP by Western blot. * p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01; *** p < 0.001 compared to Untreated.