ABCA1	ATP-binding cassette transporter A1
AMPK	adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase
AOX	antioxidant
ARB	angiotensin II receptor blockers
BMI	body mass index
CAD	coronary artery disease
CI	confidence intervals
CRP	C-reactive protein
CVD	cardiovascular diseases
DPP4i	dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors
GLUT-4	glucose transporter-4
G6Pase	glucose-6-phosphatase
eNOS	endothelial nitric oxide synthase
FA	fatty acid
FFA	free fatty acids
GLP-1	glucagon-like peptide-1
HDL	high-density lipoprotein
HMW	high-molecular weight
HL	hepatic lipase
HOMA-IR	homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance
HR	hazard ratio
HSL	hormone-sensitive lipase
IDL	intermediate-density lipoprotein
IL	interleukin
iNOS	inducible nitric oxide synthase
LDL	low-density lipoprotein
LPL	lipoprotein lipase
MCS	mixed-carotenoid supplementation
NADPH	nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate
NF-κB	nuclear factor-κB
NO	nitric oxide
PCOS	polycystic ovary syndrome
PPAR	peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor
PEPCK	phosphoenolpyruvate carboxy kinase
RCTs	randomized controlled trials
S1P	sphingosine 1-phosphate
Sd-LDL	small dense LDL
SGLT-2i	sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors
SMCs	smooth muscle cells
SMD	standard mean difference
SR	scavenger receptor
TNF-α	tumor necrosis factor-alpha
TG	triglycerides
VLDL	very low density lipoprotein
VLDL-R	very low density lipoprotein receptor
WMD	weighted mean difference