Table 2.
Cancer stem cells signaling pathways aberrantly regulated in selected malignancies.
| Signaling Pathway | Cancer Type | Mechanism of Action | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| Notch | Brain cancer | ↑Notch1 ↑JAG1 ↑DLL1 | [6,40,44] |
| T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia | ↑ Notch1 | ||
| Breast cancer | ↑Notch1 ↑JAG1, | ||
| Pancreatic cancer | ↑Notch1 ↑Notch3 ↑Jag1 ↑Jag2 ↑Hes1 |
||
| Non-Small Lung Cancer | ↑ Notch3 | ||
| Wnt/β-catenin | Breast cancer | ↑LEF-1 ↑TCF-4 ↑cyclin D1 ↑β-catenin ↓SFRP |
[6,40,41,47] |
| Colorectal carcinoma Brain tumor Prostate cancer |
Mutations in APC/β-catenin site | ||
| Hematologic cancer Skin cancer Lung cancer |
↓ WIF-1 ↓SFRP-1 ↓ DKK ↓AXIN2 |
||
| Hedgehog | Colon cancer | ↑sHH ↑GLI2 | [6,40] |
| Medulloblastoma predisposition | Mutations in PTCH1 | ||
| Myeloma | ↑SMO ↑GLI1 | ||
| Glioma | ↑GLI1 ↑SHH ↑PTCH1 |
||
| PI3K/Akt/mTOR | Gastric cancer | ↑Akt1 | [19] |
| Ovarian cancer Pancreatic cancer |
↑Akt2 | ||
| T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia Melanoma Endometrial carcinoma Prostate cancer Glioblastoma |
Mutations in PTEN | ||
| JAK/STAT | Breast cancer Gastric cancer Glioblastoma |
↑STAT3 | [53,54,40] |
Explanatory notes: ↓decrease; ↑increase.