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. 2019 Feb 26;20(5):1015. doi: 10.3390/ijms20051015

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© 2019 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Cytological observation of locular anther development and pollen formation during the eleven developmental stages. (a) The sporogenous cell stage (stage 1). (b) The microspore mother cell stage (stage 2), the arrows indicate the mitosis process in the tapetal cells. (c) The dyads stage (stage 3), the arrow indicates the division process in dyads. (d) The tetrad stage (stage 4), the arrow indicates the callose wall around the tetrads. (e) The early young microspore stage (stage 5). (f) The middle young microspore stage (stage 6), the arrow indicates the primexine developed on the surface of the young microspore. (g) The late young microspore stage (stage 7). (h) The early bicellular pollen stage (stage 8), the arrow indicates the mitosis of nucleus in the young microspore. (i) The late bicellular pollen stage (stage 9). (j) The mature pollen stage (stage 10). (k) The anther dehiscence stage (stage 11). D, dyads; E, epidermis; En, endothecium; M, middle layer; MMC, microspore mother cell; MP, mature pollen; Msp, microspore; Sp, sporogenous cell; T, tapetum. Bar = 50 μm.