Table 1.
Staphylococcus epidermidis whole-genome-based studies to determine virulence determinants.
| Date | Ref | Type of Analysis | Genomes | Strain ID | Accession Number | Strain Origin | Putative Genetic Determinants of Pathogenicity | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2003 | [40] | Pathogenicity factor search | 1 | ATCC 12228 | NZ_CP022247 | Skin swab | pSE-12228-01 pSE-12228-02 pSE-12228-03 pSE-12228-04 pSE-12228-05 pSE-12228-06 |
Plasmids |
| sar, agr | Regulation systems | |||||||
| ssp | Serine protease | |||||||
| geh | Lipase | |||||||
| clp, sep | Clp protease, metalloprotease, nuclease | |||||||
| hld | Delta haemolysin | |||||||
| atl | Autolysin | |||||||
| sdr, embp, ebps | Adhesins/MSCRAMMs | |||||||
| 2005 | [41] | Pathogenicity factor search | 1 | RP62a | NC_002976.3 | Catheter-associated infection | clp, ssp, nuc | Clp protease, serine and cysteine protease, nuclease |
| lip, geh | Lipases | |||||||
| hlb, hld | Haemolysins | |||||||
| psm | Phenol-soluble modulins | |||||||
| sdr, ses, ebh, ebp, fbe | Adhesins/MSCRAMMs | |||||||
| νSEγ | Genomic island carrying PSMs genes | |||||||
| νSE1, νSE2 | Integrated plasmids carrying cadmium resistance gene and putative MSCRAMMs | |||||||
| cap | Capsule synthesis | |||||||
| Comparative genomics with 4 S. aureus genomes | 2 | Complete genomes from the study and from GenBank | - | - | - | S. epidermidis and S. aureus present syntenic genomes and horizontal gene exchange probably happen between those species in both directions, possibly mobilizing virulence factors from S. aureus to S. epidermidis. | ||
| 2012 | [42] | Comparative genomics between commensal and pathogenic S. epidermidis | 30 | Complete genomes from the study | - | - | - | S. epidermidis has an open pan genome, the variable genome comprises mobile genetic elements, the fdh gene distinguishes commensal from pathogenic bacteria. |
| 2013 | [43] | Pathogenicity factor search | 1 | 12142587 | GCA_000304575.1 | Endocarditis | ica | Intercellular adhesion factors |
| fbe, sdr, ebp, ebh | Adhesins/MSCRAMMs | |||||||
| dtl, mpr, vra, apr | Resistance to antimicrobial peptides | |||||||
| ssp | Serine and cysteine protease | |||||||
| lip, geh | Lipases | |||||||
| psmβ | Phenol-soluble modulin | |||||||
| hlb | Beta-haemolysin | |||||||
| 2015 | [29] | Comparative genomics with 241 S. aureus genomes | 83 | Complete genomes from GenBank | - | - | - | S. epidermidis and S. aureus share a core genome of 1478 genes, and if homologous recombinations are rare between both species, interspecies transfer of mobile genetic elements might happen and shape the genome of both species regarding the environmental conditions. |
| 2017 | [30] | Comparative genomics between S. epidermidis strains after osteoarticular infections | 104 | Complete genomes from the study | - | - | - | Some genes from S. epidermidis were associated with bad outcome in patients: bhp (biofilm formation), qacA (antiseptics resistance), ccrA-ccrB (cassette chromosome recombinase), IS256-like (transposase). |
| 2018 | [44] | Comparative genomics between 3 S. epidermidis genomes | 3 | Complete genomes from the study and from GenBank | - | - | - | S. epidermidis pathogenic strains that produce a C-3 like enterotoxin bear a SEC-coding sequence located on a composite pathogenicity island SePI-1/SeCI-1 that suggest the existence of HGT from S. aureus to S. epidermidis. |
| 2018 | [45] | Pathogenicity factor search | 1 | G6_2 | ERR387168 | Environmental strain | P1 to P6 | Plasmids |
| - | Presence of multiple genes implicated in drug resistance | |||||||
| atl | Autolysin | |||||||
| ebh, ebp, sdr | Adhesins/MSCRAMMs | |||||||
| ssp, nuc | Serine and cysteine protease, nuclease | |||||||
| lip, geh | Lipases | |||||||
| ica | Intercellular adhesion factors | |||||||
| hlb, hld | Haemolysin | |||||||