Table 1.
Summary of relevant studies on stem cells alterations at different oxygen tensions.
| Cell Type | Oxygen Conditions | Duration | Affected Parameters | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| C2C12 myoblasts | 6% vs. 21% | 72 h | ROS production, differentiation | [134] |
| HSCs (CD34+ cells) | 5% vs. 21% | 7 days | ROS levels, antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT and GPx), glutathione redox state | [135] |
| Human Dermal Fibroblasts (HDFs) | 5% vs. 21% | 72 h | ROS production, enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant response system, DNA damage, extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins | [136] |
| DPSCs | 3% vs. 21% | Up to passage 25 | Oxidative stress parameters (ROS, MDA, carbonylation, antioxidant defenses), proliferation, stemness (OSKM) | [138] |
| MSCs from adipose tissue | 3% vs. 20% | Up to 22 passages | Genetic stability, glycolytic function, cell differentiation and ROS production and targets (Protein carbonylation and MDA) | [151] |
| NSCs | 3% vs. 21% | 10 days | Survival, renewal potential and differentiation | [152] |
| BMSCs | 2% vs. 20% | 12 days | Proliferation kinetics, metabolism, differentiation potential | [153] |
| BMSCs | 1% vs. 21% | 7 days | Proliferation, migration, morphology, adhesion molecules, osteogenic differentiation | [154] |
| MSCs from umbilical cord | 1.5%, 2.5%, 5%, 21% | 70 h | Proliferation, metabolism, pH, oxygen consumption | [155] |
| ADSCs | 1% vs. 20% | 72 h | Proliferation, ROS generation, migration, OSKM | [157] |
| Muscle Precursor Cells (MPCs) | 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% | Up to passage 2 | Cell cycle regulation (p21 and p27), Proliferation | [159] |
| BM-MSCs and ADSCs | 2% vs. 21% | Up to passage 10 | Morphology, differentiation potential, genomic stability, telomere length, mitochondrial membrane potential, ATP content | [164] |
| Central Nervous System (CNS) Precursor Cells | 2%, 5%, 20% | Up to passage 2 (35 days) |
Proliferation, HIF1α, apoptosis, multilineage differentiation potential | [167,168] |
| MSCs from umbilical cord | 3% vs. 21% | Up to passage 12 | Proliferation, HIF1α, ERK signalling pathway, stemness (OCT3/4 and Nanog), p21, p16, p53 | [173] |
| BM-MSCs | 5% vs. 21% | Up to passage 15 | Donor age, differentiation potential, SA-β-Gal, miRNA sequencing, KEGG signalling pathways | [174] |
| BM-MSCs | 1% vs. 21% | Up to passage 4 | Migration, proliferation, apoptosis, differentiation potential, PTEN-PI3K/AKT signalling pathway, miRNAs, HGF and VEGF | [175] |
| Satellite Cells | 1% vs. 21% | 48 h | Quiescence, self-renewal, miRNAs, Notch signalling pathway, transplantation efficiency | [177] |
| CSCs | 0.5%, 5%, 21% | Up to passage 10 | Proliferation, survival, migration, SA-β-Gal, apoptosis | [179] |
| MSCs from umbilical cord | 2.2% vs. 21% | 24 h | ROS levels, migration, HIF1α, VEGF | [182] |
| ESCs | 1–5% vs. 21% | Up to passage 50 | Morphology, colony growth, differentiation, hGC production, embryoid body formation | [184] |
| ESCs | 4% vs. 20% | Up to passage 50 | Morphological differentiation, microarray and transcriptome profiling, HIF, stemness | [185] |
| Neural Crest Stem Cells | 5% vs. 20% | 12 days | Survival, proliferation, multilineage differentiation | [186] |
| BM-MSCs | 1, 3, 5, 10% vs. 21% | 7 days | Viability, proliferation, self-renewal, osteogenic differentiation | [187] |
| C2C12 myoblasts, Satellite Cells and NSCs | 1% vs. 21% | 7 days | Notch signalling pathway, undifferentiated state maintenance | [194] |
| BM-MSCs and HSCs | 5, 12, 20% | 10 days | ROS content, proliferation, directional differentiation, apoptosis, cell cycle, migration | [195] |
| BM-MSCs | 2% vs. 18% | 2 weeks | Osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation, HIF1α, VEGF | [196] |
| BM-MSCs | 1% vs. 21% | 7 days/4 weeks | Proliferation, migration, stemness (OCT3/4, Nanog, SALL4, KLF4), differentiation | [154] |
| MSCs | 2% vs. 20% | 7 days | Proliferation, osteogenic differentiation | [197] |
| BM-MSCs | 0.2% vs. 21% | 7 or 14 days | Osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation, HIF1α | [198] |
| MSCs | 1, 2, 3, 4, 6% vs. 21% | 2, 4, 8, 24, 48, 72 h | Adipogenic differentiation | [199] |
| BM-MSCs | 3% vs. 21% | Isolation and expansion (4 weeks) | Chondrogenic differentiation, cell surface markers, ECM formation, expansion, HIFs | [200] |
| BM-MSCs | 2% vs. 20% | 14 days | Chondrogenic differentiation | [201] |
| MSCs | 1% vs. 21% | 21 days | Osteogenic differentiation, HIFs | [202] |
| WJ-MSCs | 3% vs. 21% | Up to passage 13 | Growth kinetics, SA-β-Gal, differentiation, HIFs, p16, p21, p53, karyotype | [203] |
| ADSCs | 1% vs. 21% | Up to passage 2 | Proliferation, multilineage differentiation, stemness (Nanog, SOX2) | [204] |
| ESCs (dorsal pancreatic bud) | 3%, 8%, 21% | 24h or 7 days | Cell differentiation, HIF1α gene and protein expression | [205] |
| ESCs | 3–5% vs. 20% | Up to passage 3 | Morphology, proliferation, pluripotency (SOX2, Nanog and OCT3/4), HIFs | [210] |
| BM-MSCs | 1% vs. 21% | 14 days | Proliferation, differentiation, self-renewal | [215] |
| WJ-MSCs | 5% vs. 21% | 2-4 weeks | Proliferation, stemness (OCT3/4, Nanog, REX1 and SOX2), HIFs, differentiation | [216] |
| BM-MSCs | 5% vs. 21% | Up to passage 2 | Morphology, differentiation, transcriptional profiling, metabolism, adhesion | [217] |
| Dermal Fibroblasts into IPSCs | 1%, 5%, 21% | 40 days | Efficiency of reprogramming into iPSCs (ESC markers, teratoma formation) | [218] |
| Fibroblasts, ESCs and IPSCs | 2%, 5%, 21% | 2 weeks | Reprogramming efficiency, HIFs, metabolism (OCR and ECAR) | [219,220] |
Abbreviations: HSC: haematopoietic stem cell; HDF: human dermal fibroblast; DPSC: dental pulp stem cell; MSC: mesenchymal stem cell; NSC: neural stem cell; BMSC: bone marrow stem cell; ADSC: adipose derived stem cell; MPC: muscle precursor cell; BM-MSC: bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell; CNS: central nervous system; CSC: cardiac stem cell; ESC: embryonic stem cell; WJ-MSC: Wharton Jelly mesenchymal stem cell; iPSC: induced pluripotent stem cell.