Table 1.
Multivariate Analysis of Factors Associated With Testing and Testing Positive for Hepatitis B Virus Infection Among 866 886 Adults With No Previous Hepatitis B Diagnosis
Characteristic | Total (N) | Tested N (%) | Adjusted OR for Being Tested (95% CI) | Tested Positive N (% Tested) | Adjusted OR for Testing Positive (95% CI) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age Group (years) | |||||
<30 | 161 894 | 34 314 (21.2%) | Ref | 344 (1.0%) | Ref |
30–39 | 143 699 | 40 453 (28.2%) | 1.53 (1.50–1.56) | 476 (1.2%) | 1.16 (1.01–1.33) |
40–49 | 163 074 | 31 497 (19.3%) | 0.84 (0.82–0.85) | 548 (1.7%) | 1.57 (1.37–1.80) |
50–59 | 173 821 | 27 642 (15.9%) | 0.61 (0.60–0.62) | 533 (1.9%) | 1.75 (1.52–2.02) |
60–69 | 116 030 | 16 673 (14.4%) | 0.51 (0.50–0.52) | 284 (1.7%) | 1.54 (1.31–1.82) |
70–79 | 63 904 | 7801 (12.2%) | 0.41 (0.40–0.42) | 83 (1.2%) | 0.94 (0.74–1.21) |
>80 | 44 464 | 4206 (9.5%) | 0.29 (0.28–0.30) | 58 (1.4%) | 1.11 (0.83–1.48) |
Missing/Unknown | 0 | — | — | — | — |
Gender | |||||
Male | 395 684 | 56 347 (14.2%) | Ref | 1146 (2.0%) | Ref |
Female | 471 177 | 106 236 (22.6%) | 1.72 (1.70–1.74) | 1180 (1.1%) | 0.65 (0.62–0.69) |
Unknown | 25 | 3 (12.0%) | 2.08 (0.61–7.07) | 0 | — |
Race | |||||
White | 439 545 | 78 742 (17.9%) | Ref | 483 (0.6%) | Ref |
Black | 60 828 | 18 048 (29.7%) | 1.24 (1.21–1.26) | 207 (1.2%) | 1.82 (1.52–2.19) |
Asian | 60 097 | 16 044 (26.7%) | 1.12 (1.10–1.15) | 671 (4.2%) | 6.33 (5.53–7.24) |
American Indian/Alaska Native | 3936 | 890 (22.6%) | 1.01 (0.93–1.09) | 9 (1.0%) | 1.56 (0.79–2.99) |
Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander | 28 492 | 7294 (25.6%) | 0.89 (0.86–0.92) | 180 (2.5%) | 3.64 (2.99–4.42) |
Othera | 17 206 | 5105 (29.7%) | 1.28 (1.23–1.33) | 54 (1.1%) | 2.38 (1.73–3.28) |
Unknowna | 256 782 | 36 463 (14.2%) | 0.56 (0.55–0.57) | 722 (2.0%) | 2.90 (2.48–3.38) |
Ethnicity | |||||
Not Hispanic | 493 135 | 96 936 (19.7%) | Ref | 1,207 (1.3%) | Ref |
Hispanic | 18 501 | 5660 (30.6%) | 1.09 (1.07–1.11) | 49 (0.9%) | 1.22 (1.13–1.33) |
Unknown | 355 250 | 59 990 (16.9%) | 1.41 (1.35–1.46) | 1070 (1.8%) | 1.20 (0.98–1.46) |
Annual Incomeb | |||||
<$30 K | 59 450 | 12 781 (21.5%) | Ref | 190 (1.5%) | Ref |
$30–49 K | 316 496 | 61 859 (19.5%) | 0.97 (0.95–0.99) | 888 (1.4%) | 0.82 (0.75–0.90) |
$50–74 K | 298 588 | 58 453 (19.6%) | 0.94 (0.92–0.96) | 894 (1.5%) | 0.66 (0.60–0.73) |
≥$75 K | 74 946 | 15 859 (21.2%) | 0.96 (0.93–0.98) | 285 (1.8%) | 0.56 (0.49–0.64) |
Unknown | 117 406 | 13 634 (11.6%) | 0.78 (0.74–0.82) | 69 (0.5%) | 0.82 (0.65–1.03) |
ALT Levelc | |||||
1 Elevated ALT | 43 321 | 6444 (14.9%) | Ref | 45 (0.7%) | Ref |
>2 Elevated ALTs | 67 370 | 28 410 (42.2%) | 4.59 (4.44–4.74) | 489 (1.7%) | 2.16 (1.58–2.96) |
Abbreviations: ALT, alanine aminotransferase; CI, confidence interval; OR, odds ratio; Ref, referent.
“Other” race refers to persons who self-identify as being of a race other than white/Caucasian, black/African American, Asian, American Indian/Alaska Native, Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander, or who claim race as “other.” “Unknown” race refers to persons who self-identify as being of mixed or multiple racial backgrounds or who decline to self-identify with any race or to persons with race data missing.
Based on census tract geocode.
Results from a separate multivariate model developed to study the impact of ALT elevations on having a test performed and for testing positive for infection. This separate model was limited to persons with an initial elevated ALT result recorded before hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection testing. Persons tested for HBV infection had a median cumulative enrollment of 102 months (interquartile range [IQR], 51–132) vs 83 months (IQR, 36–132) for persons not tested for HBV infection.