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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2019 Mar 22.
Published in final edited form as: Clin Infect Dis. 2012 Aug 8;55(8):1047–1055. doi: 10.1093/cid/cis616

Table 1.

Multivariate Analysis of Factors Associated With Testing and Testing Positive for Hepatitis B Virus Infection Among 866 886 Adults With No Previous Hepatitis B Diagnosis

Characteristic Total (N) Tested N (%) Adjusted OR for Being Tested (95% CI) Tested Positive N (% Tested) Adjusted OR for Testing Positive (95% CI)
Age Group (years)
 <30 161 894 34 314 (21.2%) Ref 344 (1.0%) Ref
 30–39 143 699 40 453 (28.2%) 1.53 (1.50–1.56) 476 (1.2%) 1.16 (1.01–1.33)
 40–49 163 074 31 497 (19.3%) 0.84 (0.82–0.85) 548 (1.7%) 1.57 (1.37–1.80)
 50–59 173 821 27 642 (15.9%) 0.61 (0.60–0.62) 533 (1.9%) 1.75 (1.52–2.02)
 60–69 116 030 16 673 (14.4%) 0.51 (0.50–0.52) 284 (1.7%) 1.54 (1.31–1.82)
 70–79 63 904 7801 (12.2%) 0.41 (0.40–0.42) 83 (1.2%) 0.94 (0.74–1.21)
 >80 44 464 4206 (9.5%) 0.29 (0.28–0.30) 58 (1.4%) 1.11 (0.83–1.48)
Missing/Unknown 0
Gender
 Male 395 684 56 347 (14.2%) Ref 1146 (2.0%) Ref
 Female 471 177 106 236 (22.6%) 1.72 (1.70–1.74) 1180 (1.1%) 0.65 (0.62–0.69)
 Unknown 25 3 (12.0%) 2.08 (0.61–7.07) 0
Race
 White 439 545 78 742 (17.9%) Ref 483 (0.6%) Ref
 Black 60 828 18 048 (29.7%) 1.24 (1.21–1.26) 207 (1.2%) 1.82 (1.52–2.19)
 Asian 60 097 16 044 (26.7%) 1.12 (1.10–1.15) 671 (4.2%) 6.33 (5.53–7.24)
 American Indian/Alaska Native 3936 890 (22.6%) 1.01 (0.93–1.09) 9 (1.0%) 1.56 (0.79–2.99)
 Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander 28 492 7294 (25.6%) 0.89 (0.86–0.92) 180 (2.5%) 3.64 (2.99–4.42)
 Othera 17 206 5105 (29.7%) 1.28 (1.23–1.33) 54 (1.1%) 2.38 (1.73–3.28)
 Unknowna 256 782 36 463 (14.2%) 0.56 (0.55–0.57) 722 (2.0%) 2.90 (2.48–3.38)
Ethnicity
 Not Hispanic 493 135 96 936 (19.7%) Ref 1,207 (1.3%) Ref
 Hispanic 18 501 5660 (30.6%) 1.09 (1.07–1.11) 49 (0.9%) 1.22 (1.13–1.33)
 Unknown 355 250 59 990 (16.9%) 1.41 (1.35–1.46) 1070 (1.8%) 1.20 (0.98–1.46)
Annual Incomeb
 <$30 K 59 450 12 781 (21.5%) Ref 190 (1.5%) Ref
 $30–49 K 316 496 61 859 (19.5%) 0.97 (0.95–0.99) 888 (1.4%) 0.82 (0.75–0.90)
 $50–74 K 298 588 58 453 (19.6%) 0.94 (0.92–0.96) 894 (1.5%) 0.66 (0.60–0.73)
 ≥$75 K 74 946 15 859 (21.2%) 0.96 (0.93–0.98) 285 (1.8%) 0.56 (0.49–0.64)
 Unknown 117 406 13 634 (11.6%) 0.78 (0.74–0.82) 69 (0.5%) 0.82 (0.65–1.03)
ALT Levelc
 1 Elevated ALT 43 321 6444 (14.9%) Ref 45 (0.7%) Ref
 >2 Elevated ALTs 67 370 28 410 (42.2%) 4.59 (4.44–4.74) 489 (1.7%) 2.16 (1.58–2.96)

Abbreviations: ALT, alanine aminotransferase; CI, confidence interval; OR, odds ratio; Ref, referent.

a

“Other” race refers to persons who self-identify as being of a race other than white/Caucasian, black/African American, Asian, American Indian/Alaska Native, Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander, or who claim race as “other.” “Unknown” race refers to persons who self-identify as being of mixed or multiple racial backgrounds or who decline to self-identify with any race or to persons with race data missing.

b

Based on census tract geocode.

c

Results from a separate multivariate model developed to study the impact of ALT elevations on having a test performed and for testing positive for infection. This separate model was limited to persons with an initial elevated ALT result recorded before hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection testing. Persons tested for HBV infection had a median cumulative enrollment of 102 months (interquartile range [IQR], 51–132) vs 83 months (IQR, 36–132) for persons not tested for HBV infection.

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