Table 1.
Maternal demographic and psychological variables
| Overall n (%) |
TC Newman n (%) |
Mbekweni n (%) |
X2 | P value | |
| Number of mothers | 992 | 443 | 549 | ||
| Mean age of mother (SD) | 26.6 (5.8) | 25.7 (5.4) | 27.3 (5.9) | −4.543* | *** |
| Food insecurity | |||||
| Secure | 685 (69.1) | 387 (87.4) | 298 (54.3) | 125.53 | *** |
| Insecure | 307 (30.9) | 56 (12.6) | 251 (45.7) | ||
| Race | |||||
| Black | 548 (55) | 6 (1) | 542 (99) | 943.05 | *** |
| Coloured | 443 (45) | 437 (99) | 6 (1) | ||
| SES quartiles | |||||
| Lowest SES | 258 (26) | 81 (18) | 177 (32) | 37.27 | *** |
| Low to moderate SES | 261 (26) | 117 (26) | 144 (26) | ||
| Moderate to high SES | 242 (24) | 109 (25) | 133 (24) | ||
| Highest SES | 231 (23) | 136 (31) | 95 (17) | ||
| Maternal income | |||||
| <R1000/month | 767 (77) | 330 (74) | 437 (80) | 7.86 | * |
| R1000–R5000/month | 212 (21) | 103 (23) | 109 (20) | ||
| R5000–R10 000/month | 12 (1) | 9 (2) | 3 (1) | ||
| Receive social assistance | 491 (49) | 221 (50) | 270 (49) | 0.085 | 0.798 |
| Maternal education | |||||
| Some secondary | 613 (62) | 266 (60) | 347 (63) | 1.037 | 0.308 |
| Completed secondary | 379 (38) | 177 (40) | 202 (37) | ||
| Median number of children in household | 1 | 1 | 1 | 22.191 | ** |
| Married/cohabiting | 399 (40) | 200 (45) | 199 (36) | 10.064 | * |
| Employed | 254 (26) | 132 (30) | 122 (22) | 7.439 | ** |
| Maternal HIV | 216 (22) | 17 (4) | 199 (36) | 151.195 | *** |
| Psychosocial risk factors | |||||
| Past year IPV | |||||
| Emotional IPV | 266 (27) | 155 (35) | 111 (20) | 27.26 | *** |
| Physical IPV | 216 (22) | 106 (24) | 110 (20) | 2.18 | 0.14 |
| Sexual IPV | 68 (7) | 49 (11) | 19 (3) | 22.179 | *** |
| Probable depression (EPDS ≥13) | 242 (24) | 112 (25) | 130 (24) | 0.341 | 0.559 |
| Childhood trauma | 335 (34) | 179 (40) | 156 (28) | 15.761 | *** |
| Psychological distress | 208 (21) | 109 (25) | 99 (18) | 6.39 | 0.011 |
| Stressful life events | 449 (45) | 265 (60) | 184 (34) | 68.467 | *** |
| Co-occurrence of psychosocial risk factors | |||||
| Depression and any IPV | 122 (12) | 68 (15) | 54 (10) | 6.911 | ** |
| Depression and childhood trauma | 124 (13) | 76 (17) | 48 (9) | 15.864 | *** |
| Childhood trauma and any IPV | 154 (16) | 101 (23) | 53 (10) | 32.304 | *** |
Note: psychological risk factors listed where above threshold; IPV above threshold=score of >1 within each subtype (mothers experiencing more than an isolated incidence in past year); depression above threshold=score ≥13; childhood trauma above threshold where score >36; psychological distress dichotomised into low and high risk categories where high risk=score ≥8; stressful life events presented where greater than 1.
*p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001.
EPDS, Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale; IPV, intimate partner violence.