Table 1.
Clinical characteristics of participants in quartiles of serum uric acid level
| Men (n=15 041) | P value for trend | Women (n=11 727) | P value for trend | |||||||
| Q1 ≤4.9 mg/dL | Q2 5.0–5.9 mg/dL | Q3 6.0–6.9 mg/dL | Q4≥7.0 mg/dL | Q1 ≤3.9 mg/dL | Q2 4.0–4.9 mg/dL | Q3 5.0–5.9 mg/dL | Q4 ≥6.0 mg/dL | |||
| n (%) | 2924 (19.4) | 4617 (30.7) | 4160 (27.7) | 3340 (22.2) | – | 3346 (28.5) | 4509 (38.4) | 2600 (22.2) | 1272 (10.8) | – |
| Comorbidities | ||||||||||
| Obesity, n (%) | 192 (6.6) | 446 (9.7)*** | 615 (14.8)*** | 804 (24.1)*** | <0.001 | 133 (4.0) | 363 (8.1)*** | 380 (14.6)*** | 305 (24.0)*** | <0.001 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 809 (27.7) | 1215 (26.3) | 1288 (31.0)** | 1220 (36.5)*** | <0.001 | 554 (16.6) | 1013 (22.5)*** | 785 (30.2)*** | 550 (43.2)*** | <0.001 |
| Diabetes mellitus, n (%) | 348 (11.9) | 301 (6.5)*** | 222 (5.3)*** | 165 (4.9)*** | <0.001 | 125 (3.7) | 170 (3.8) | 153 (5.9)*** | 130 (10.2)*** | <0.001 |
| Dyslipidaemia, n (%) | 735 (25.1) | 1535 (33.2)*** | 1706 (41.0)*** | 1816 (54.4)*** | <0.001 | 394 (11.8) | 861 (19.1)*** | 769 (29.6)*** | 579 (45.5)*** | <0.001 |
| Chronic kidney disease, n (%) | 47 (1.6) | 114 (2.5)* | 136 (3.3)*** | 232 (6.9)*** | <0.001 | 25 (0.7) | 78 (1.7)*** | 105 (4.0)*** | 163 (12.8)*** | <0.001 |
| Nephrolithiasis, n (%) | 384 (13.1) | 703 (15.2)* | 642 (15.4)** | 621 (18.6)*** | <0.001 | 368 (11.0) | 484 (10.7) | 367 (14.1)*** | 215 (16.9)*** | <0.001 |
| Biochemical variables | ||||||||||
| Age | 50.06±15.49 | 48.05±15.59*** | 47.33±15.58*** | 47.34±15.74*** | <0.001 | 46.81±14.02 | 48.88±14.89*** | 52.23±15.43*** | 57.86±15.28*** | <0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 23.29±3.06 | 24.11±3.08*** | 24.83±3.13*** | 25.98±3.26*** | <0.001 | 22.15±3.00 | 23.12±3.31*** | 24.34±3.54*** | 25.66±3.96*** | <0.001 |
| SBP (mm Hg) | 126.60±18.21 | 126.31±17.54 | 128.12±17.92*** | 130.44±18.29*** | <0.001 | 120.32±18.24 | 123.59±19.23*** | 128.63±20.49*** | 135.29±21.14*** | <0.001 |
| DBP (mm Hg) | 78.98±11.55 | 78.78±11.21 | 80.58±11.44*** | 81.85±11.95*** | <0.001 | 73.26±10.52 | 75.14±10.92*** | 77.38±11.22*** | 79.17±10.95*** | <0.001 |
| FPG (mmol/L) | 5.65±1.87 | 5.36±1.34*** | 5.33±1.21*** | 5.34±1.07*** | <0.001 | 5.08±1.22 | 5.13±1.13 | 5.30±1.22*** | 5.58±1.30*** | <0.001 |
| TC (mmol/L) | 4.52±0.88 | 4.58±0.86** | 4.71±0.89*** | 4.87±0.91*** | <0.001 | 4.64±0.91 | 4.82±0.93*** | 5.00±0.94*** | 5.17±1.03*** | <0.001 |
| TG (mmol/L) | 1.28±1.27 | 1.45±1.15*** | 1.73±1.47*** | 2.15±1.72*** | <0.001 | 0.97±0.59 | 1.19±0.77*** | 1.47±0.99*** | 1.97±1.63*** | <0.001 |
| HDL-C (mmol/L) | 1.32±0.31 | 1.25±0.28*** | 1.22±0.28*** | 1.17±0.26*** | <0.001 | 1.59±0.35 | 1.50±0.34*** | 1.41±0.32*** | 1.32±0.31*** | <0.001 |
| LDL-C (mmol/L) | 2.77±0.76 | 2.88±0.76*** | 2.95±0.77*** | 3.04±0.82*** | <0.001 | 2.71±0.77 | 2.90±0.79*** | 3.07±0.82*** | 3.12±0.85*** | <0.001 |
| eGFR (mL/[min×1.73m2]) | 92.47±20.66 | 89.39±19.32*** | 87.66±19.50*** | 84.86±20.13*** | <0.001 | 100.15±23.04 | 97.08±23.93*** | 93.09±24.03*** | 85.59±25.04*** | <0.001 |
| Cr (μmol/L) | 80.89±18.37 | 83.62±14.63*** | 85.43±14.69*** | 88.96±22.80*** | <0.001 | 62.18±10.80 | 63.82±12.04*** | 65.72±13.29*** | 71.24±28.89*** | <0.001 |
| BUN (mmol/L) | 5.19±1.31 | 5.26±1.22* | 5.31±1.24*** | 5.44±1.57*** | <0.001 | 4.57±1.20 | 4.84±1.23*** | 5.11±1.27*** | 5.54±1.77*** | <0.001 |
Continuous variables are reported in mean±SD and categorical variables are presented in percentages. In case of non-parametric data distribution, medians with IQR are presented.
*P<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001 vs the Q1 group. As for the post-hoc test of normally distributed data, we used the least significance difference test if the variance was homogeneous and the Tamhane’s T2 test if not. Non-normally distributed data were compared using Kruskal-Wallis test. As for the post-hoc test of categorical variables, we used Χ2 tests.
BMI, body mass index; BUN, blood urea nitrogen; Cr, creatinine; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; SBP, systolic blood pressure; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglyceride.