(A) Monocytes from younger (n=6) and older (n=5) donors were transfected with a RIG-I–specific ligand and labeled for intracellular phosphorylated IRF3 (pIRF3) or (B) phosphorylated IRF7 (pIRF7) at the indicated timepoints (younger n=9, older n=7). (C) Phosphorylated TBK1 (pTBK1) levels in monocytes from older (n=6) or younger (n=6) donors was assessed 30 minutes after transfection with a RIG-I–specific ligand. Data are presented as means ± SEM. * P<0.05; Student T-test, Two-way ANOVA, or, for pIRF7, a linear mixed model (with a Toeplitz covariance structure).