Figure 3. Mitochondria participate in axon regeneration.

Mitochondria are actively transported to axons via axonal microtubules with their plus ends pointing toward the distal part and their minus ends facing the cell soma. Members of the kinesin family are responsible for mitochondria anterograde transport. Kinesin motors generate force by hydrolyzing adenosine triphosphate. Given that mitochondria provide energy for axonal functions (including active transport and membrane fusion), alteration of mitochondrial distribution along the axon leads to defects during development, maintenance, and regeneration of the nervous system.