Table 1.

Characteristics of subjects.

	CON	ET	ST	CBT
	(n = 12)	(n = 13)	(n = 13)	(n = 16)
Age (years)	66.7 $\pm$ 5.8	65.6 $\pm$ 4.5	68 $\pm$ 7.4	67.3 $\pm$ 5.9
Gender (male/female)	5/7	1/12	0/13†	5/11
Height (cm)	157.6 $\pm$ 6.1	156.6 $\pm$ 7.8	151.8 $\pm$ 3.3	157.6 $\pm$ 9.3
Weight (kg)	63.4 $\pm$ 9.2	58.5 $\pm$ 7.7	52.3 $\pm$ 7.6∗	60.2 $\pm$ 9.1
BMI (kg$\cdot$m−2)	25.6 $\pm$ 4.3	23.8 $\pm$ 2.4	22.6 $\pm$ 2.6	24.1 $\pm$ 2
MMSE	28.8 $\pm$ 1.1	28.4 $\pm$ 1.2	28.6 $\pm$ 1.3	28.4 $\pm$ 1.3
Medication
Antihypertensive‡	7 (58.3%)	6 (46.2%)	6 (46.2%)	8 (50%)
Antihyperglycemia	2 (16.7%)	1 (7.7%)	2 (15.4%)	2 (12.5%)
Lipid-lowering drug therapy	5 (41.7%)	5 (38.5%)	6 (46.2%)	5 (31.3%)

Data are means $\pm$ SD and n(%). CON, control group; ET, endurance training group; ST, strength training group; CBT, combined endurance and strength training group; BMI, body mass index; MMSE, Mini-Mental State Examination.

*p $<$ 0.05 vs. control group. ${\chi }^2$ for categorical variables.

^†p $<$ 0.05 to between-group comparison.

^‡Comprises hydrochlorothiazide (25 mg), propranolol (40 mg), captopril (25 mg), enalapril (10 mg), losartan (50 mg), and amlodipine (5 mg).