Table 2.

Body composition and physiological outcomes before and after the supervised and the self-supervised training periods.

	CON	ET	ST	CBT
	(n = 12)	(n = 13)	(n = 13)	(n = 16)
Weight (kg)
Baseline	63.4 $\pm$ 9.2	58.5 $\pm$ 7.7	52.3 $\pm$ 7.6	60.2 $\pm$ 9.1
After supervised period	61.5 $\pm$ 6.9	58.2 $\pm$ 7.6	51.9 $\pm$ 3.3	59.8 $\pm$ 9.4
After self-supervised period	63.4 $\pm$ 10	58.1 $\pm$ 7.5	51.9 $\pm$ 7.6	59.3 $\pm$ 9.2
BMI (kg$\cdot$m−2)
Baseline	25.6 $\pm$ 4.3	23.8 $\pm$ 2.4	22.6 $\pm$ 2.6	24.1 $\pm$ 2.0
After supervised period	25 $\pm$ 2.6	23.7 $\pm$ 2.4	22.4 $\pm$ 2.5	24 $\pm$ 2.1
After self-supervised period	25.6 $\pm$ 4.3	23.7 $\pm$ 2.6	22.5 $\pm$ 2.6	23.9 $\pm$ 2.3
FM (kg)
Baseline	22.6 $\pm$ 7.2	18.8 $\pm$ 4.9	17.7 $\pm$ 4.9	19.4 $\pm$ 4.3
After supervised period	20.8 $\pm$ 4.4	18.4 $\pm$ 4.4	17.1 $\pm$ 5	18.7 $\pm$ 4.2
After self-supervised period	23.1 $\pm$ 7.6	17.9 $\pm$ 4.9	17 $\pm$ 5.1	18.3 $\pm$ 4.9
%BF
Baseline	35.3 $\pm$ 7	32.3 $\pm$ 7.6	33.4 $\pm$ 5	32.3 $\pm$ 6.3
After supervised period	33.8 $\pm$ 5.7	31.7 $\pm$ 6.7	32.3 $\pm$ 5.3	31.4 $\pm$ 5.9
After self-supervised period	35.8 $\pm$ 7	30.8 $\pm$ 7.2	32.3 $\pm$ 5.7	31.8 $\pm$ 6.3
SMM (kg)
Baseline	22 $\pm$ 3.7	21.3 $\pm$ 4.8	18.1 $\pm$ 2.2	21.9 $\pm$ 5.1
After supervised period	22 $\pm$ 3.5	21.4 $\pm$ 4.4	18.2 $\pm$ 2.1	22.1 $\pm$ 5.0
After self-supervised period	21.9 $\pm$ 3.6	21.5 $\pm$ 4.2	18.3 $\pm$ 2.3	21.5 $\pm$ 4.6
HR (beats$\cdot$min−1)
Baseline	71.9 $\pm$ 9	77.5 $\pm$ 12.2	73 $\pm$ 10.8	75.6 $\pm$ 7.2
After supervised period	73.4 $\pm$ 11.5	79.4 $\pm$ 10.2	72.9 $\pm$ 9.3	74.3 $\pm$ 9.3
After self-supervised period	74.9 $\pm$ 11.6	82 $\pm$ 15.1	72.3 $\pm$ 10.7	74.2 $\pm$ 9.9
SBP (mmHg)
Baseline	140.6 $\pm$ 18.2	141 $\pm$ 15.9	146.8 $\pm$ 23.6	142 $\pm$ 12.2
After supervised period	142.1 $\pm$ 13.1	128.3 $\pm$ 15.4∗	141.8 $\pm$ 17	130.4 $\pm$ 9.4∗∗,†
After self-supervised period	147.3 $\pm$ 20	133.3 $\pm$ 15.7	144.8 $\pm$ 21.7	131.4 $\pm$ 15.9∗,†
DBP (mmHg)
Baseline	82.5 $\pm$ 10.1	84.1 $\pm$ 10	80.5 $\pm$ 7.8	81.7 $\pm$ 5.6
After supervised period	82.1 $\pm$ 12.6	76.6 $\pm$ 7.5	74.4 $\pm$ 8.7	76.9 $\pm$ 7.4
After self-supervised period	81.5 $\pm$ 12.1	80.1 $\pm$ 7.3	76.6 $\pm$ 9.9	73.6 $\pm$ 9.3∗
MAP (mmHg)
Baseline	93.4 $\pm$ 31.4	95.1 $\pm$ 30.1	102.6 $\pm$ 11.8	101.8 $\pm$ 6.6
After supervised period	96.6 $\pm$ 47.2	93.8 $\pm$ 9.4	89.4 $\pm$ 28.1	94.8 $\pm$ 7.2∗∗
After self-supervised period	94.8 $\pm$ 32.4	97.8 $\pm$ 9.3	99.4 $\pm$ 12.2	92.9 $\pm$ 9.9∗

Data are means $\pm$ SD. CON, control group; ET, endurance training group; ST, strength training group; CBT, combined endurance and strength training group; BMI, body mass index; FM, fat mass; %BF, body fat percentage; SMM, skeletal muscle mass; HR, heart rate; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; MAP, mean arterial pressure.

^∗p $<$ 0.05 and ^∗∗p $<$ 0.01 to within-group comparison (baseline vs. after supervised period vs. after self-supervised period).

^†p $<$ 0.05 and ^††p $<$ 0.01 to between-group comparison (vs. control group).