Table 3.
Tests of language group and diagnosis in the prediction of MSEL abilities, using multiple linear regressions
| B | SE | p | 95% CI | f2 (ES) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Visual Reception | ||||||
| Model 1 | ||||||
| Intercept | 57.53 | 3.23 | <.001 | 51.19 | 63.87 | |
| Language Group (BE) | 2.78 | 6.30 | .659 | −9.61 | 15.17 | .002 |
| Diagnosis (DD) | 8.63 | 2.21 | < .001*** | 4.28 | 12.98 | .037 |
| Language Group * Diagnosis | −2.21 | 4.14 | .595 | −10.35 | 5.94 | .002 |
| Fine Motor | ||||||
| Model 1 | ||||||
| Intercept | 66.17 | 2.90 | <.001 | 60.51 | 71.88 | |
| Language Group (BE) | −3.49 | 5.67 | .539 | −14.64 | 7.66 | .001 |
| Diagnosis (DD) | 5.99 | 1.99 | .003** | 2.08 | 9.91 | .022 |
| Language Group * Diagnosis | 1.83 | 3.73 | .625 | −5.51 | 9.16 | .002 |
| Receptive Language | ||||||
| Model 1 | ||||||
| Intercept | 31.74 | 3 .68 | <.001 | 24.51 | 38.98 | |
| Language Group (BE) | −1.31 | 7.19 | .856 | −15.44 | 12.82 | .002 |
| Diagnosis (DD) | 15.81 | 2.52 | <.001*** | 10.85 | 20.77 | .099 |
| Language Group * Diagnosis | −2.40 | 4.73 | .612 | −11.69 | 6.89 | .002 |
| Model 2 | ||||||
| Intercept | 59.36 | 2.41 | <.001 | 54.65 | 64.07 | |
| Language Group (BE) | −7.18 | 4.30 | .096 | −15.63 | 1.27 | .006 |
| Diagnosis (LD) | 12.13 | 4.17 | .003** | 3.93 | 20.33 | .110 |
| Diagnosis (ASD) | −11.81 | 2.84 | <.001*** | −17.39 | −6.22 | .042 |
| Language Group * LD | 2.52 | 7.36 | .732 | −11.95 | 16.98 | .003 |
| Language Group * ASD | 3.48 | 5.29 | .511 | −6.92 | 13.87 | .002 |
| Model 3 | ||||||
| Intercept | 28.47 | 5.80 | <.001 | 17.04 | 39.89 | |
| Income | 0.50 | 0.30 | .096 | −0.09 | 1.09 | .014 |
| Language Group (BE) | 1.19 | 9.75 | .903 | −18.00 | 20.38 | .004 |
| Diagnosis (DD) | 16.09 | 3.28 | < .001*** | 9.64 | 22.55 | .091 |
| Language Group * Diagnosis | −3.48 | 6.54 | .595 | −16.36 | 9.41 | .003 |
| Expressive Language | ||||||
| Model 1 | ||||||
| Intercept | 41.34 | 3.38 | <.001 | 34.71 | 48.10 | |
| Language Group (BE) | −2.04 | 6.60 | .757 | −15.01 | 10.93 | .003 |
| Diagnosis (DD) | 8.43 | 2.32 | < .001*** | 3.88 | 12.98 | .031 |
| Language Group * Diagnosis Model 2 |
−0.58 | 4.34 | .893 | −9.11 | 7.95 | .003 |
| Intercept | 53.81 | 2.19 | <.001 | 49.48 | 58.11 | |
| Language Group (BE) | −2.92 | 3.93 | .459 | −10.65 | 4.82 | .001 |
| Diagnosis (LD) | 13.32 | 3.82 | 0.001** | 5.82 | 20.83 | .029 |
| Diagnosis (ASD) | −4.03 | 2.60 | .122 | −9.14 | 1.08 | .004 |
| Language Group * LD | −1.48 | 6.73 | .827 | −14.71 | 11.76 | .002 |
| Language Group * ASD | .29 | 4.84 | .952 | −9.22 | 9.81 | .002 |
| Model 3 | ||||||
| Intercept | 36.07 | 5.22 | <.001 | 25.79 | 6.34 | |
| Income | 0.59 | 0.27 | .028* | 0.06 | 1.12 | .004 |
| Language Group (BE) | 9.01 | 8.76 | .306 | −8.26 | 26.26 | <.001 |
| Diagnosis (DD) | 8.06 | 2.95 | .007** | 2.26 | 13.87 | .026 |
| Language Group * Diagnosis | −7.61 | 5.88 | .197 | −19.20 | 3.98 | .002 |
Note: LD = Language Disorder; GDD = Global Developmental Delay. Model 1 indicates Language Group + Diagnosis (ASD, DD) + Language Group * Diagnosis. Model 2 indicates Language Group + Diagnosis (ASD, LD, GDD) + Language Group * Diagnosis. GDD is the reference group in this model. Model 3 indicates Income + Language Group + Diagnosis (ASD, DD) + Language Group * Diagnosis. CI = confidence interval. ES indicates effect size measured using Cohen’s f2 where f2 ≤.02 denotes a small effect, ≥ .15 denotes a medium effect, and ≥ .35 denotes a large effect.
*
< .05,
**
< .01,
***
<.001