Table 1.
Summary of studies that explicitly examined the John Henryism by socioeconomic status hypothesis in relation to cardiovascular-related behaviors or outcomes (n = 10).
Study | Study population | Location | SES measure | Finding among women | Finding among men |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Duijkers et al. (1988) [13] | 100 white women (20–59 years), 100 white men (20–59 years) | Netherlands | Education | No association between John Henryism*SES and blood pressure (deviate) | High John Henryism and low SES associated with higher blood pressure (expected) |
Wiist and Flack (1992) [14] | 431 African-American women, 222 African-American men (mean age = 47) | Oklahoma city | Education and job status | No association between John Henryism*SES and hypertension prevalence (deviate) | No association between John Henryism*SES and hypertension prevalence (deviate) |
Light et al. (1995) [15] | 36 African-American women, 35 white women, 32 African-American men, 40 white men | North Carolina | Job status | High John Henryism and high SES associated with higher blood pressure (deviate) | No association between John Henryism*SES and blood pressure (deviate) |
McKetney and Ragland (1996) [16] | 1480 African-American women (18–30 years), 1307 white women (18–30 years), 1156 African-American men (18–30 years), 1171 white men (18–30 years) | Various US cities | Education | No association between John Henryism*SES and blood pressure among African-American or white women (deviate) | No association between John Henryism*SES and blood pressure among African-American or white men (deviate) |
Markovic et al. (1997) [17] | 403 Nigerian men and 255 women, 20–65 years | Nigeria | Civil servant job grades and education | No association between John Henryism*SES and blood pressure (deviate) | High John Henryism and high SES associated with higher blood pressure (deviate) |
Fernander et al. (2004) [18] | 55 African-American women (mean age 36.6), 69 African-American men (mean age 34.8) | Florida | Education, income | High John Henryism and low SES associated with higher blood pressure (expected) | High John Henryism and high SES associated with higher blood pressure (deviate) |
Fernander et al. (2005) [19] | 72 African-American women and 74 African-American men (mean age = 47.6) | Minnesota | Education | Low John Henryism and low education associated with higher nicotine dependence (deviate) | Low John Henryism and low SES associated with higher nicotine dependence (deviate) |
Merritt et al. (2012) [20] | 168 white women, 13 African-American women, 7 Hispanic women, 2 Asian women, and 11 women with other ethnicity (mean age overall = 21.6) | Midwestern US university | Father’s education | High John Henryism and low SES associated with worse cardiorespiratory fitness (expected) | – |
Subramanyam et al. (2013) [21] | 1516 African-American men and 2462 African-American women, 21–95 years | Mississippi | Education, income, occupation, childhood SES | Low John Henryism and low SES associated with higher prevalence of hypertension (deviate) | High John Henryism and low SES associated with higher prevalence of hypertension (expected) |
Brody et al. (2018) [22] | 391 African-American children (mean age at entry = 11.2) followed until mean age = 25 | U.S. | Income, caregiver employment, caregiver education, caregiver relationship status, +others | High John Henryism and low SES was associated with metabolic syndrome (expected) | High John Henryism and low SES was associated with metabolic syndrome (expected) |