Table 1.
Acute drug response in non-disordered/lightly using subjects and actively using binge/disordered substance users.
| Substance | Acute Drug Response |
Binge/Disordered vs. Naïve/Non-Disordered* |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| HPA | ANS | HPA | ANS | |
| Nicotine | ↑ | ↑ | ↓ | ↓ |
| Cocaine | ↑ | ↑ | ? | ? |
| Amphetamine | ↑ ↓ | ↑ | ? | ? |
| Cannabis | ↑ | ↑ | ↓ | ↑ |
| Alcohol | ↑ | ↑ | ↓ | ↑ |
| Opioids | ↓ | ↑ | ? | ? |
Note: In autonomic nervous system activity, LF HRV is indicative of an activated sympathetic nervous system response, whereas HF HRV is reflective of parasympathetic response. Here, we focused on activation of the sympathetic nervous system within the autonomic nervous system.
* Acute phasic effects of drugs on the HPA axis and the ANS in non-disordered/lightly using (non-weekly use at very low levels) subjects as compared to actively using binge/disordered users.
↑ indicates activation; ↓ indicates reduction; ↑ ↓ indicates mixed results; = indicates similar responses; ? indicates areas for future research.