Table 2.
Basal states and stress- and drug-cue induced responses in substance abusing compared to healthy control subjects.
| Substance | Tonic/Basal State |
Stress Provocation |
Drug Cues |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HPA | ANS | HPA | ANS | HPA | ANS | |
| Nicotine | ↑ | ↑ | ↓ | ↑ = | ? | ↑ |
| Cannabis | ↑ | ↑ | ↓ | ? | ↓ | ↑ |
| Cocaine | ↑ | ↑ | ↓ | ↑ = | ↑ = | ↑ = |
| Amphetamine | ↑ ↓ = | ↑ | ↓ | = | ? | ? |
| Alcohol | ↑ | ↑ | ↓ | ↓ = | ? | ↑ |
| Opioids | ↑ | ↑ | ↑ ↓ | ↓ | ↑ ? | ↑ |
Note: A comparison of the tonic levels and acute/phasic effects of stress and drug cues exposure on the HPA axis and the ANS in non-disordered healthy controls chronic, binge/substance abusing individuals (not in acute abstinence or withdrawal). In autonomic nervous system activity, LF HRV is indicative of an activated sympathetic nervous system response, whereas HF HRV is reflective of parasympathetic response. Here, we focused on activation of the sympathetic nervous system within the autonomic nervous system.
↑ indicates activation; ↓ indicates reduction; ↑ ↓ indicates mixed results; = indicates similar responses; ↑ ? = limited evidence, needs more research; ? indicates areas for future research.