Table 1.

Stress paradigms in preclinical and clinical research included in the present review.

Paradigm	Indication	Reference in manuscript
Preclinical
Learned helplessness	Depression	Vengeliene et al., 2005
SDPSa	Depression	Riga et al., 2014
Predator odor	Psychological stress/PTSDb	Cozzoli et al., 2014
Tail suspension	Psychological stress/acute stress	Cozzoli et al., 2014
Restraint	Physical stress/acute stress	Cozzoli et al., 2014
Foot shock	Physical stress/acute stress	Cozzoli et al., 2014; Le et al., 2005; Zorrilla et al., 2013
Tail pinch	Physical stress/acute stress	Cozzoli et al., 2014
Noise stress	Mild stress exposure/acute stress	Arnsten and Goldman-Rakic, 1998
Yohimbinee	Pharmacologic stress/acute stress	Bertholomey et al., 2016; Le et al., 2005; Zorrilla et al., 2013
Clinical
CRFc/cortisol administration	Increase pituitary-adrenal axis response	Heim et al., 2001
Citalopram stimulation test	Assess neuroendocrine reaction	Anthenelli et al., 2018
Combined dexamethasone/CRFc test	Assess glucocorticoid feedback loop	Schwandt et al., 2016; Anthenelli et al., 2018
Cosyntropin	Assess adrenocortical response	Adinoff et al., 2010
Combined Cosyntropin/dexamethasone	Assess neuroendocrine feedback	Adinoff et al., 2010
Trier Social Stress Test	Psychological stress	Kwako et al., 2015
Imagery Scripts	Psychological stress	Chaplin et al., 2008; McKee et al., 2011; Seo et al., 2011; Kwako et al., 2015
Emotionally arousing films	Arouse negative emotions	Cahill et al., 2001
IAPSd	Induce highly charged emotions	Garavan et al., 2001
Public speaking challenge	Psychological stress	Bernardy, 1995; Lovallo et al., 2000; Sorocco et al., 2006
Mental arithmetic task	Psychological stress	Bernardy et al., 1996; Bernardy, 1995; Errico et al., 2002; Sorocco et al., 2006

^aSDPS = social defeat-induced persistent stress.

^bPTSD = post-traumatic stress disorder.

^cCRF = corticotropin-releasing factor.

^dIAPS = International Affective Picture System.

^e = also used in clinical paradigms; self-report questionnaires/measures are not described above.