. 2019 Feb 8;10:100149. doi: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2019.100149

Table 2.

Summary of the literature on brain structures and neuromodulators hypothesized to underlie sex differences in stress-related alcohol use.

		Preclinical	Clinical	Translation^e	References
Brain structures
PFC^a	Alcohol x stress	?	?	?
PFC^a	Alcohol x stress x sex	?	✓	?	Goldstein et al., 2010; Seo et al., 2011
Amygdala	Alcohol x stress	✓	✓	Yes	Clemens and Vendruscolo, 2008; Koob, 2009; Kwako et al., 2015; Weinshenker and Schroeder, 2007
Amygdala	Alcohol x stress x sex	?	?	?
Hippocampus	Alcohol x stress	?	?	?
Hippocampus	Alcohol x stress x sex	?	?	?
Neurotransmitters
Norepinephrine	Alcohol x stress	✓	Mixed	Yes	Koob, 2009; Weinshenker and Schroeder, 2007; Haass-Koffler et al., 2018; Riga et al., 2014; Le et al., 2005; Patkar et al., 2004; Muzyk et al., 2011; Fitzgerald, 2013
Norepinephrine	Alcohol x stress x sex	✓	?	?	Bertholomey et al., 2016
CRF^b	Alcohol x stress	✓	Mixed	Mixed	Becker, 2012; Kaur et al., 2012; Le et al., 2002; Zorrilla et al., 2013
CRF^b	Alcohol x stress x sex	✓	✓	Yes	Kwako et al., 2015; Silva and Madeira, 2012
HPA axis^c	Alcohol x stress	✓	✓	Yes	Bertholomey et al., 2016; Stephens and Wand, 2012
HPA axis^c	Alcohol x stress x sex	Mixed	✓	Mixed	Adinoff et al., 2010; Alele and Devaud, 2007; Anthenelli et al., 2018; Bertholomey et al., 2016; Cozzoli et al., 2014; Nentwig et al., 2018
Dynorphin/
kappa	Alcohol x stress	✓	?	?	Anderson and Becker, 2017; Walker and Koob, 2008
kappa	Alcohol x stress x sex	Mixed	?	?	Blednov et al., 2006; Kovacs et al., 2005; Morales et al., 2014; Racz et al., 2013; Zhou et al., 2015
GABA^d	Alcohol x stress	✓	?	?	Patkar et al., 2016; Sanders and Shekhar, 1995
GABA^d	Alcohol x stress x sex	?	?	?
Neurodegeneration	Alcohol x stress	✓	?	?	Walter and Crews, 2017; Walter et al., 2017
Neurodegeneration	Alcohol x stress x sex	?	?	?
Hormones
Progesterone	Alcohol x stress	✓	?	?	Carroll and Anker, 2010
Progesterone	Alcohol x stress x sex	✓	?	?	Becker and Koob, 2016; Carroll and Anker, 2010
Estrogen	Alcohol x stress	?	✓	?	Joyce et al., 2017
Estrogen	Alcohol x stress x sex	?	?	?

Legend: ? = unknown, not been studied; ✓ = studied with positive findings; mixed = mixed findings.

PFC = prefrontal cortex.

CRF = corticotropin-releasing factor.

HPA = hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal.

GABA = gamma-Aminobutyric acid.

Correspondence of findings between preclinical and clinical.