Table 1.
Univariate analysis of risk factors for the acquisition of tigecycline resistance in patients with carbapenem-resistant or -susceptible E. cloacae
| Variables | Patients (n=172) | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Case 1 (n=36) | Case 2 B(n=36) | Control (n=100) | Case 1 vs Case 2 | Case 1 vs Control | Case 2 vs Control | ||||
| OR (95% CI) | P-value | OR (95% CI) | P-value | OR (95% CI) | P-value | ||||
| Age (years), median (IQR) | 70 (63, 83.8) | 60 (47, 76.8) | 60 (47, 75.8) | – | 0.01 | – | 0.001 | – | 0.838 |
| Length of stay(days), median (IQR) | 29 (14, 29.8) | 23 (9.3, 79) | 21 (17, 54) | – | 0.616 | – | 0.02 | – | 0.068 |
| Elderly (≥60 years), n (%) | 28 (77.8) | 20 (55.6) | 50 (50) | 2.1 (0.8–5.6) | 0.141 | 2.6 (1.1–6.0) | 0.021 | 1.25 (0.6–2.7) | 0.567 |
| ICU stay, n (%) | 18 (50) | 14 (39) | 24 (24) | 1.3 (0.5–3.3) | 0.578 | 3.2 (1.4–7.0) | 0.004 | 2 (0.9–4.5) | 0.088 |
| Male, n (%) | 11 (31) | 8 (22) | 52 (52) | 0.6 (0.2–1.6) | 0.279 | 2.5 (1.1–5.5) | 0.027 | 3.8 (1.6–9.1) | 0.002 |
| Number of deaths, n (%) | 1 (2.8) | 3 (8.3) | 0 (0) | 0.3 (0.03–3.2) | 0.303 | 1.0 (1.0–1.1) | 0.094 | 1.1 (1–1.2) | 0.004 |
| Comorbidities | |||||||||
| Chronic hepatitis, n (%) | 6 (16.7) | 5 (13.9) | 15 (15) | 1.2 (0.3–4.5) | 0.743 | 1.1 (0.4–3.2) | 0.812 | 0.9 (0.3–2.7) | 0.872 |
| Coronary heart diseases, n (%) | 7 (19.4) | 4 (11.1) | 10 (10) | 1.9 (0.5–6.9) | 0.335 | 2.2 (0.8–6.2) | 0.142 | 1.1 (0.3–3.8) | 0.851 |
| Diabetes, n (%) | 14 (38.9) | 7 (19.4) | 19 (19) | 1.2 (0.5–2.9) | 0.169 | 2.7 (1.2–6.3) | 0.017 | 1 (0.4–2.7) | 0.954 |
| Gastrointestinal disease, n (%) | 4 (11.1) | 4 (11.1) | 24 (24) | 1 (0.2–4.3) | 1 | 0.4 (0.1–1.2) | 0.101 | 0.4 (0.1–1.2) | 0.101 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 17 (47.2) | 16 (44.4) | 24 (24) | 2.1 (0.7–5.9) | 0.761 | 2.8 (1.3–6.3) | 0.009 | 2.5 (1.1–5.6) | 0.021 |
| Kidney disease, n (%) | 4 (11.1) | 8 (22.2) | 14 (14) | 0.4 (0.1–1.6) | 0.206 | 0.7 (0.2–2.2) | 0.52 | 1.6 (0.6–4.1) | 0.373 |
| Invasive operation | |||||||||
| Central venous catheterization, n (%) | 15 (41.7) | 10 (27.8) | 4 (4) | 1.8 (0.7–4.6) | 0.242 | 17.1 (5.2–56.9) | <0.001 | 9.2 (2.7–31.8) | <0.001 |
| Endotracheal intubation, n (%) | 6 (16.7) | 13 (36.1) | 13 (13) | 0.3 (0.1–0.9) | 0.024 | 1.3 (0.5–3.8) | 0.586 | 3.8 (1.5–9.3) | 0.002 |
| Mechanical ventilation, n (%) | 11 (30.6) | 6 (16.7) | 13 (13) | 1.8 (0.6–5.4) | 0.312 | 2.9 (1.2–7.4) | 0.018 | 1.3 (0.5–3.8) | 0.586 |
| Urinary catheterization, n (%) | 25 (69.4) | 13 (36.1) | 36 (36) | 4.6 (1.8–12.2) | 0.001 | 4.0 (1.8–9.2) | 0.001 | 1 (0.5–2.2) | 0.99 |
| Bladder irrigation, n (%) | 9 (25) | 0 (0) | 3 (3) | – | 0.003 | 10.8 (2.7–42.6) | <0.001 | – | 0.565 |
| Nasogastric catheter, n (%) | 17 (47.2) | 10 (27.8) | 15 (15) | 1.8 (0.7–4.6) | 0.242 | 5.1 (2.2–12.0) | <0.001 | 2.2 (0.9–5.4) | 0.09 |
| Nasal catheter, n (%) | 18 (13.2) | 10 (27.8) | 7 (5.1) | 2.6 (1.0–7.0) | 0.05 | 13.3 (4.8–36.4) | <0.001 | 5.1 (1.7–14.7) | 0.001 |
| Antibiotic therapy | |||||||||
| Penicillin, n (%) | 18 (50) | 17 (47.2) | 8 (8) | 0.9 (0.4–2.3) | 0.846 | 11.5 (4.3–30.5) | <0.001 | 10.3 (3.9–27.2) | <0.001 |
| Aminoglycosides, n (%) | 9 (25) | 3 (8.3) | 3 (3) | 3 (0.7–12.1) | 0.111 | 10.8 (2.7–42.6) | <0.001 | 2.9 (0.6–15.3) | 0.181 |
| Broad-spectrum cephalosporins, n (%) | 13 (36.1) | 17 (47.2) | 28 (28) | 0.6 (0.2–1.5) | 0.291 | 1.4 (0.6–3.1) | 0.428 | 2.3 (1.1–5.1) | 0.036 |
| Carbapenems, n (%) | 10 (27.8) | 10 (27.8) | 10 (10) | 1 (0.4–2.8) | 0.947 | 3.5 (1.3–9.2) | 0.01 | 3.5 (1.3–9.2) | 0.01 |
| Fluoroquinolones, n (%) | 10 (27.8) | 3 (8.3) | 9 (9) | 4.4 (1.1–17.2) | 0.024 | 3.9 (1.4–10.6) | 0.005 | 0.9 (0.2–3.6) | 0.904 |
| Glycopeptides, n (%) | 6 (16.7) | 6 (16.7) | 6 (6) | 0.8 (0.2–2.8) | 0.765 | 0.4 (0.1–1.3) | 0.125 | 3.1 (1–10.4) | 0.053 |
| Macrolides, n (%) | 1 (2.8) | 0 (0) | 1 (1) | 0.5 (0.4–0.7) | 0.352 | 2.8 (0.2–46.4) | 0.447 | 0.9 (0.9–1.0) | 0.547 |
| Minocycline, n (%) | 8 (22.2) | 1 (2.8) | 1 (1) | 7 (0.8–60) | 0.044 | 28.3 (3.4–235.9) | <0.001 | 2.8 (0.2–46.4) | 0.447 |