Table 2.

Effects of water groups on water quality: Swimmable and fishable

	Swimmable			Fishable
Explanatory variables	Effect of groups	Effect of donations	Effect of expenditures	Effect of groups	Effect of donations	Effect of expenditures
No. of water groupst − 1	0.005*** (0.002)			0.003** (0.001)
Donationst − 1, 1,000s $		4.5 × 10−07** (1.8 × 10−07)			3.4 × 10−07*** (9.7 × 10−08)
Program expenditurest − 1, 1,000s $			2.5 × 10−07***			1.9 × 10−07***
			(6 × 10−08)			(4.1 × 10−08)
Violationst − 1	−0.179***	−0.181***	−0.181***	−0.061**	−0.063**	−0.063**
	(0.051)	(0.050)	(0.051)	(0.027)	(0.027)	(0.027)
Federal water quality	6.5 × 10−07	6.7 × 10−07	6.7 × 10−07	3.2 × 10−07	3.3 × 10−07	3.3 × 10−07
Expenditures, 1,000s $	(6.8 × 10−07)	(6.8 × 10−07)	(6.8 × 10−07)	(3.7 × 10−07)	(3.7 × 10−07)	(3.7 × 10−07)
Fraction agricultural land	−0.067 (0.057)	−0.066 (0.057)	−0.067 (0.057)	−0.062 (0.044)	−0.062 (0.044)	−0.062 (0.044)
Fraction urban land	−0.024 (0.129)	0.008 (0.129)	0.009 (0.129)	−0.092 (0.103)	−0.079 (0.101)	−0.078 (0.101)
Population density, persons/mi2	−0.9 × 10−04	−0.9 × 10−04	−0.9 × 10−04	−6.9 × 10−05	−7.0 × 10−05	−7.0 × 10−05
	(0.7 × 10−04)	(0.7 × 10−04)	(0.7 × 10−04)	(5.3 × 10−05)	(5.3 × 10−05)	(5.3 × 10−05)
Per capita income, 1,000s $	−7.8 × 10−05***	−7.6 × 10−05***	−7.6 × 10−05***	−2.6 × 10−05***	−2.5 × 10−05***	−2.5 × 10−05***
	(1.6 × 10−05)	(1.6 × 10−05)	(1.6 × 10−05)	(7.4 × 10−06)	(7.2 × 10−06)	(7.2 × 10−06)
High school education	−0.159 (0.180)	−0.175 (0.177)	−0.171 (0.177)	−0.178 (0.145)	−0.188 (0.145)	−0.185 (0.145)
Unemployment rate	0.067 (0.618)	0.014 (0.617)	0.009 (0.617)	0.081 (0.531)	0.230 (0.531)	0.049 (0.531)
Precipitation, 1,000s mm	9.6 × 10−04	0.001	0.001	3.0 × 10−04	3.7 × 10−04	3.7 × 10−04
	(9.1 × 10−04)	(9.2 × 10−04)	(9.3 × 10−04)	(6.0 × 10−04)	(6.0 × 10−04)	(6.0 × 10−04)
Precipitation2, 1,000s mm2	−5.3 × 10−06	−5.8 × 10−06*	−5.8 × 10−07*	−1.1 × 10−06	−1.4 × 10−06	−1.4 × 10−06
	(3.4 × 10−06)	(3.5 × 10−06)	(3.5 × 10−06)	(2.3 × 10−06)	(2.3 × 10−06)	(2.3 × 10−06)
Percent Republican vote	0.117* (0.069)	0.106 (0.070)	0.106 (0.070)	0.047 (0.051)	0.041 (0.051)	0.041 (0.051)
Home ownership rate	0.425*** (0.120)	0.413*** (0.121)	0.413*** (0.121)	0.408*** (0.098)	0.406*** (0.098)	0.406*** (0.098)
Percent white population	0.370*** (0.110)	0.367*** (0.110)	0.368*** (0.110)	0.196*** (0.068)	0.194*** (0.068)	0.195*** (0.068)
R2	0.26	0.26	0.26	0.23	0.23	0.23
Observations	7,310	7,310	7,310	7,242	7,242	7,242

Includes year and state fixed effects. *P < 0.1; **P < 0.05; ***P < 0.01. HUC8-clustered SEs are in parentheses.