Table 1.
Scaffold-based miRNA delivery systems for bone tissue engineering applications.
| Material | miRNA modulator | Function cell | Function | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Silk scaffolds | LMF-miR-335-5p | mBMSCs | Enhance calvarial bone healing | [106] |
| Decalcified bone matrix | Lenti-miR-383 inhibitor | Rat BMSCs | Enhance bone formation in vivo | [146] |
| Gelatin scaffolds | Bac-miR-214 sponge | OVX-BMSCs | Heal the defect and ameliorate the bone quality | [83] |
| Polymeric gelatin nanofibers | miR-29a inhibitor | mBMSCs | Increase ECM deposition | [144] |
| Fibrin gel | CS nanoparticles/agomiR-199a-5p | Rat BMSCs | Enhance repair of tibia defects in rats | [114] |
| Collagen-nanohydroxyapatite scaffolds | AntagomiR-133a | hMSCs | Enhance osteogenesis | [147] |
| Collagen-nanohydroxyapatite scaffolds | AntagomiR-16 | hMSCs | Increase the mineral calcium deposition | [148] |
| Poly(sebacoyl diglyceride) (PSeD) scaffold | Lenti-miR-135 | Rat ADSCs | Repair the critical-sized calvarial defects in rats | [149] |
| Poly(glycerol sebacate) (PGS) scaffolds | Lenti-miR-31 inhibitor | Rat BMSCs | Repair the critical-sized calvarial defects in rats by 60% | [150] |
| PEG hydrogels | miR-20a | hMSCs | Enhance repair of the critical-size calvarial bone defect in rats | [140] |
| PCL scaffolds | PC-miR-148b-SNP conjugates | hASCs | Heal the critical-sized calvarial defects by 32.53 ± 8.3% | [142] |
| Disk-shaped poly(lactide-co-glycolide) PLGA scaffolds | Bac-BMP-2/miR-148b | hASCs | Accelerate and potentiate the bone healing and remodeling in nude mice | [84] |
| NF poly(L-lactic acid) scaffold that attaches the PLGA microspheres containing the HP/miRNA polyplexes | miR-26a | Endogenous stem and progenitor cells | Induce the regeneration of calvarial bone defects in healthy and osteoporotic mice | [151] |
| Titanium-based strontium-substituted HA | miR-21 nanocapsules | Not clear | Improve bone remodeling and osseointegration | [152] |
| PLGA sheets coating the surface of titanium implant | AntagomiR-204 conjugated with gold nanoparticles | Rat BMSCs | Promote osseointegration of the tibia fracture in T2DM male SD rats | [153] |
| Microporous titanium implants with oxide surface formed by microarc oxidation | Anti-miR-138/miR-29b lipoexes | Rat BMSCs | Enhance osteogenic activity | [154] |
| HyStem-HP™ hydrogel | AgomiR-26a | hBMSCs | Completely repair the critical-size calvarial bone defect and increase vascularization accordingly | [155] |
| HyStem-HP hydrogel | EVs containing miR-196a | hMSC | Stimulate bone formation in SD rats with calvarial defects | [136] |
| Dual-crosslinked photodegradable hydrogels | miR-20a/PEI complexes | hMSCs | Induce hMSC osteogenesis | [156] |
| β-Tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) scaffolds | Lenti-as-miR-31 | Rat ASCs | Improve the repair of critical-size calvarial bone defect in rat | [157] |
| β-TCP scaffolds | Lenti-miR-210-3p | BMSCs | Almost fully repair the critical-sized load-bearing bone defects | [158] |
| β-TCP scaffolds | Lenti-miR-26a | BMSCs | Enhance the repair of cranial bone defects in mice | [159] |
| HA/TCP scaffolds | Lenti-miR-216a | hAMSCs | Enhance bone formation | [160] |
| HA/TCP scaffolds | Lenti-miR-405b | hADSCs | Enhance bone formation in vivo | [161] |