Table 2.

In vivo miRNA-based gene therapy for osteoporosis and bone regeneration via direct injection.

miRNA modulator	Type of treatment	Mode of administration	Target cell	Mouse model	Reference
AgomiR-503	Tail vein injection	10 nmol/per mouse on days 1-3 for 3 consecutive weeks	Osteoclast	OVX mice	[63]
Agomir miR-145	Tail vein injection	100 mg/kg twice per week for 6 weeks	Osteoclast	OVX mice	[162]
AntagomiR-148a	Tail vein injection	On days 1-3 in the first and fourth weeks	Osteoclast	OVX mice	[53]
AntagomiR-103a	Tail vein injection	80 mg/kg daily on days 1-3 in the first and third weeks	BMSC	HU mice	[55]
AntagomiR-31a-5p	Periosteal injection	20 μl 1 μM twice per month for 3 months	Osteoclast, BMSC	Aged SD rats	[54]
miR-29b-3p-expressing plasmid	Tail vein injection	At week 2 post fracture using a microbubble-ultrasound system	mBMSCs	Femoral fracture mice	[163]
Lenti-miR-29a precursor	Tail vein injection	0.2 ml 5 × 109 plaque-forming units/ml lentivirus suspension	BMSC, BMM	GC-treated rats	[74]
Lenti-pre-miR-429	Subcutaneous injection	0.1 ml 1 × 109 TU/ml injected into the region of a local fracture	Osteoblast	Mice with bone fracture	[75]
Invivofectamine 3.0-miR-451a mimic	Tail vein injection	7 mg/kg on the first, second, and third days of the first, third, and fifth weeks after the ovariectomy	Osteoblast	OVX mice	[94]
Invivofectamine 2.0-miR-451 antagomiR	Not clear	7 mg/kg on day one through three during the first, third, and fifth weeks after the ovariectomy	Osteoblast	OVX mice	[164]
(D-Asp8)-liposome-antagomiR-148a	Intravenous injection	8 mg/kg once per week for 6 weeks	Osteoclast	OVX mice	[103]
(AspSerSer)6-liposome-antagomiR-214	Tail vein injection	10 mg/kg every two weeks for TG214 mice and OVX mice or once a day for 3 days before HU suspension	Osteoblast	TG214, OVX, and HU mice	[100]
(AspSerSer)6-liposome-agomiR-33-5p	Tail vein injection	Once a day for 3 days before HU suspension	Osteoblast	HU mice	[101]
Silk scaffold + LMF-335-5p local delivery	Subcutaneous injection	Twice weekly for 4 weeks	BMSC	Mice with calvarial bone defects	[106]
GO-PEI-miR-7b	Intraperitoneal injection	1 mg/kg or 10 mg/kg three times per week for 4 weeks	CD31hiEmcnhi cell	OVX mice	[110]
Asp8-PU–anti-miR-214	Tail vein injection	16 mg/kg at an interval of 1 week for 1 month	Osteoclast	OVX mice	[111]
SDSSD-PU-anti-miR-214	Tail vein injection	10 mg/kg at an interval of 1 week for 1 month	Osteoblast	OVX mice	[112]
CS nanoparticles/miR-34a mimic	Intravenous injection	5 μg or 10 μg/mouse twice per week for 4-5 weeks	Osteoclast	OVX mice	[115]
CS-nanoparticles/miR-182 inhibitor	Intravenous injection	5 μg/mouse twice per week for 5 weeks	Osteoclast	OVX mice	[117]
miR-27a-carrying CS nanoparticles	Intravenous injection	5 mg/mouse twice a week for 8 weeks	Osteoclast	OVX mice	[116]
BMSC-specific aptamer-antagomiR-188	Intra–bone marrow injection	40 μl 0.3 μM twice per month for 3 months	BMSC	Aged mice	[131]
EC-specific aptamer-agomiR-195	Tail vein injection	40 μl 0.3 μM once per week for 12 weeks	BMEC	Aged mice	[132]