Figure 3.

Overlaying cell sheets and biomaterials to mimic multiple periodontal tissues. (A): Three‐layered cell sheets together with woven PGA and porous β‐TCP were used to repair three‐wall infrabony defects in dogs 53 (please refer to the original source for more information). (B): Schematic representation of a generated sandwich complex including (i) an engineered membrane (Bio‐Gide collagen membrane seeded with cells on both sides and cultured without the addition of mineralization‐induction medium) and (ii) two mineralized membranes (a cellular small intestinal submucosa in which cells are seeded on one side and cultured in mineralization‐induction medium for 8 days); (iii and iv) a sandwich structure was obtained by placing a cell‐seeded periodontal membrane between the two cell‐seeded/mineralized membranes 54 (please refer to the original source for more details). Abbreviations: PGA, polyglycolic acid; β‐TCP, β‐tricalcium phosphate.