TABLE 2.

Methodological Bias Considerations^a

Study	Age, y	BMI,b kg/m2	Past/Current Pregnancy	Menstrual History	Gynecological History	MSK Injury History	Time on OC	Nonuser Group’s History of OC Use	Type and Dose of OC	Connective Tissue Disease History	Activity Levelc
Soft tissue injury
Gray et al25	15-19	—	Not in past year	Regular	None	—d	≥3 mo	—	Many types	—d	—
Rahr-Wagner et al54	23.7-24.0b	—	—d	—	—	None	1-≥5 y	None	Low dose	—	—d
Agel et al1	—	—	—	—	—	None	—	—	Monophasic/triphasic	—	Competitive
Dragoo et al14	19.56b	—d	None	—d	—	—	—	—	—	—	Competitive
Liederbach et al44	18-41	19.5-20.5	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	Competitive
Ruedl et al58	14-56	23.2-24.1	—	Regular	—	—d	—	—	—	—	Recreational
Holmes and Lin35	35-44	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Soft tissue laxity
Martineau et al47	20.4b	22.1-23.1	None	Regular	—	None	≥3 mo	Not in past 3 mo	Low-dose monophasic/triphasic	None	Competitive
Lee et al41	25.1-25.2b	21.9-22.3	—	Regular	None	None	≥1 y	Not in past 1 y	Medium- or high-dose monophasic	None	Recreational
Pokorny et al53	20-25	—	None	Regular	—	None	≥3 mo	Not in past 3 mo	Low-dose monophasic/triphasic	—	Sedentary to recreational
Shultz et al64	20.7-23.5b	23.7-24.8	—	Regular	None	—	≥3 mo	—	Medium- or low-dose monophasic/triphasic	None	Recreational
Casey et al10	24.0-24.1b	21.8-22.7	None	Regular	None	None	≥6 mo	Not in past 6 mo	Medium- or low-dose monophasic/triphasic	None	Sedentary to recreational
Hicks-Little et al33	18-23	—	—	Regular	—	None	—	—	—	—	Competitive
Lee et al42	24.7-25.1b	21.0-21.6	None	Regular	—	None	≥6 mo	—	Medium- or low-dose monophasic/triphasic	—	Sedentary
Cammarata and Dhaher9	25.0-26.3b	22.3-22.4	—	—	—	None	≥3 mo	—	Low-dose monophasic/triphasic	—	Recreational
Bryant et al8	28.0-31.9b	22.1-23.5	—	Regular	—	None	≥1 y	Not in past 1 y	Low-dose monophasic	—	Recreational
Hansen et al27	22-23b	23-24	None	Regular	None	None	3-10 y	Not in past 5 y	Low-dose monophasic	None	Competitive
Muscle strength
Wirth and Lohman68	18-33	—	—	Regular	—	—	≥6 mo	Not in past 1 y	Many types	—	—
Sarwar et al61	20.5-20.7b	21.2-21.3	—	—	—	—	≥6 mo	—	Medium- or low-dose monophasic	—	Sedentary
Ekenros et al17	26-27b	23.1-23.7	—	Regular	—	None	1 cycle	Not in past 3 moe	Low-dose monophasic	—	Recreational
Petrofsky et al51	24-26b	20.7-22.4		Regular	—	—	≥3 mo	—	Monophasic	—	—
Elliott et al18	22-24b	28.1-28.5	—	Regular	—	None	≥6 mo	—	Medium- or low-dose monophasic	—	Sedentary
Phillips et al52	21-26b	22.1-23.8	—	Regular	—	—	≥3 mo	—	—	—	Competitive
Savage and Clarkson62	20.8-22.3b	22.4-23.2	—	Regular	—	—	≥3 mo	Not in past 3 mo	—	—	—
Gordon et al24	20.3-20.7b	21.3-22.5	—	Regular	—	—	≥3 mo	—	Monophasic	—	—
Nichols et al50	18.7-20.0b	24.8-25.0	—	Regular	—	None	≥3 mo	Not in past 3 mo	—	—	Competitive
Minahan et al48	20-22b	21.9-22.1	None	Regular	—	—	≥1 y	—	Monophasic	—	Recreational
Casey et al10	24.0-24.1b	21.8-22.7	None	Regular	None	None	≥6 mo	Not in past 6 mo	Medium- or low-dose monophasic/triphasic	None	Sedentary to recreational
Allali et al2	54-57b	28.0-28.5	—d	—	None	None	≥2 y	None	—	—	—

^aBMI, body mass index; MSK, musculoskeletal; OC, oral contraceptive.

^bMean value (if reported as a range, the range is bounded by user and nonuser mean values).

^c“Competitive” includes collegiate athletes, elite dancers, competitive rowers, and semiprofessional handball players.

^dAssessed as a covariate but no additional information presented.

^eThis study was a crossover design; “not in past 3 mo” refers to the group of participants who began the study with a non–OC use cycle.