Table 3.

Pore characteristics of different drug delivery systems prepared from various fabrication method [43,44,45,46,48,49,50,51].

Type of drug	Biopolymer	Method of fabrication	Pore characteristics	Reference
Doxycycline hyclate	Chitosan	Freeze drying	Well interconnected pores with diameter about 80–130 µm	[43]
Ampicillin and cytochrome C	Poly(lactic acid)	Robotic dispensing technique and room temperature ionic liquid	Pore size of 2.43 µm and microporosity of ~70%	[45]
Metoprolol succinate	Hydroxypropyl-methylcellulose and chitosan	Gas blowing	Pore size between 100–1000 µm and porosity of 47.11% ± 1.80%	[48]
Amoxicillin trihydrate	Chitosan	Freeze drying	Pore sizes were obtained from100 to 500 µm with increasing the crosslinking agent from 1:0.068 to 1:0.30 (molar ratio-chitosan: crosslinker)	[44]
Tetracycline hydrochloride	Hydroxyapatite/chitosan	Freeze drying	Pore diameter 45 ± 17 µm.	[46]
Rosiglitazone maleate	Chitosan/poly(vinyl alcohol)	Gas foaming	Superporous hydrogel with capillary porous structures. Porosity increased from 38.3 ± 2.2 to 88.2 ± 2.1 with increasing the amount of glyoxal (crosslinker)	[49]
Ranitidine	Carboxymethylcellulose hydrogel	Gas foaming	Porosity decreased from 69.30 ± 4.36 to 42.38 ± 2.68 with the addition of sodium carboxymethyl cellulose	[50]
Curcumin	Nanocellulose reinforced chitosan hydrogel	Gas foaming	Highly interconnected pores with pore sizes >100 µm	[51]