Table 2.

Chemical modification of polyhydroxyalkanoate surface via different synthetic routes.

Functional groups	Synthetic rout	Reaction condzition	Chemically modified PHA	Ref.
Mono-hydroxyl	Transesterification via acid catalyst	H2SO4, MeOH CH2Cl2, 100 °C		[66]
Di-hydroxyl	Transesterification via acid catalyst	1,4-Butanediol APTS (para-toluene sulfonic acid monohydrate) CHCl3, 60 °C		[67]
	Transesterification via Dibutylene dilaurate catalyst	Ethylene glycol Diglym, 140 °C Dibutylene dilaurate		[68]
Branched-poly(ethyleneimine)	Grafting via Michael addition	CHCl3 45–50 °C		[69]
Carboxylic acid	Oxidation	Osmium tetroxide Oxone, BuOH, DMF 60 °C, 8 h		[70]
Epoxidation	Oxyrane addition	m-Chloroperbenzoic acid, CHCl3 20 °C, 12 h		[71]