Table 2.
FP systems with protective enzymatic degradation as enhancement of sensitive molecules.
| System | FP | Sensitive molecule | References | Application trials |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Capsules/tablets | Sodium carboxy-methyl cellulose (Na-CMC)- Bowman–Birk inhibitor conjugate | Insulin | [42] | In vitro, Protective effect of degradation against intestinal proteases |
| Microcapsules/Tablets | Sodium carboxymethylcellulose (Na-CMC)-Bowman-Birk inhibitor coated with a polymethacrylate | Insulin and mannitol | [43] |
In vitro, Protective effect against intestinal enzymes and release profile. In vivo, Glucose levels of diabetic in mice. |
| Microspheres | Poly(vinyl alcohol)-graft-poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid), PVA-g-PLGA | Bovine serum albumin, ovalbumin, cytochrome c and FITC-dextran | [44] | In vitro, Protective effect against intestinal enzymes and release profile. |
| Nanoparticles | PNC of diblock PEG-PLGA | Catalase enzyme | [45] | In vitro, Protective effect against proteolysis. |
| Nanoparticles | Triglyceride nanostructures-chitosan-PEG | Salmon calcitonin (cST) | [46] |
In vitro, Protective effect by TEER measurement on cell monolayer Caco-2. In vivo, Serum calcium levels in rats |
| Nanoparticles | Vitamin B12-dextran | Insulin | [47] |
In vitro, Protective effect against intestinal enzymes. In vivo, Glucose measure in diabetic rats |
| Block copolymer micelles | Poly(ethylene oxide)–poly(propylene oxide) | Efavirenz (EFV) | [48] |
In vitro, Protective effect against intestine-mimicking. In vivo, Plasma concentration in different male Wistar rats. |
| Nanocomplexes | PAA-cetyl or cholesteryl choloroformate pendant groups | Bovine Insulin | [49] | In vitro, Degradation of drug by intestinal enzymes on Caco-2 cells |
| Nanospheres | Cationic-β cyclodextrin polymers (CPβCDs) | Insulin | [50] | In vitro, Degradation of drug against intestinal enzymes into SGF and SIF. |
| Nanocapsules | Sodium caseinate and starch | Fish oil powders protein | [51] | In vitro, Degradation of drug by intestinal enzymes. |
| Nanoemulsions | Bovine Lactoferrin stabilized with poloxamers (PEO-PPO-PEO) | Lactoferrin | [52] | In vitro, Protective degradation of drug and antimicrobial trials. |
| Microcapsules | PLGA | Ovalbumin and tetanus toxoid (TT), | [53] | In vitro, Degradation of drug by intestinal enzymes. |
| Emulsion | Chitosan-thioglycolic acid (CS-TGA) | Salmon calcitonin (cST) | [54] |
In vitro, Protective degradation of drug into porcine intestine mucus. In vivo, Release of drug in male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats |
| Microspheres | PLGA | Immuno-globulin G | [55] | In vitro, Preserving the integrity of the encapsulated antibody |
| Nano-particles Ritonavir (RTV) | PEG- PVA- Pluronic® F68, ® F127- PVP K30- HPC and/or HPMC | Cytochrome P4503A4 (CYP3A4) and P-glycoprotein (P-gp) | [56] | In vitro, Protective degradation of drugs into cells, HepG2, Caco-2, THP-1, A-THP-1, and CEM |