Table 4.

Modification of the chemical nature of biomolecules with FP systems.

Enhance modification by FP	Biomolecule	Enhancement action	References	Application trials
Monomeric and dendrimeric tetrabranched form by residue substitution	Synthetic antibacterial peptide	Stability to blood proteases	[99]	In vitro, Antimicrobial activity against a panel of gram-negative bacteria
Substitution of two polycationic lipophilic-core carbohydrate-based dendrons 2a-b and five polycationic lipophilic-core peptide dendrons 3–6, containing aminoacid terminal residues	Heparin (LMWH)	Absorption molecule in intestinal trials	[100]	In vitro, Absorption in simulated intestine. In vivo, Effect of drug in LMHW rats.
PAMAM and PPI dendrimers by introducing functional groups	Methotre-xate sodium	Stability of molecule	[101]	In vitro, Release of molecule in simulated gastric fluids.
The 3483 Da peptide glucagon PEGylated to amino acid residue Lys12 (gluc-PEG-L) with branched PEG chain of 2200 Da (gluc-PEG-B)	Glucagon	Increase in adsorbing per unit surface area rate	[102]	In vitro, Release of molecule in simulated gastric fluids.
Functionalized nanoliposomes with synthetic coupling of the peptide (Lys-Val-Leu-Phe-Leu-Ser)	Ligand-functionalized nanoliposomes	Absorption of molecule	[103]	In vitro, Release in SGF. In vivo, Effect on neuronal cell in rats.
PEGylated derivatives of Bac7 (1-35)	Peptide Bac7(1-35)	Protective effect and stabilization	[104]	In vitro, Protective action against S. typhimurium
Poly(ethylene glycol)-l-asparaginase (PEG–ASNase), Poly(N,N-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate) (PAMA), PEG-b-PAMA	l-Asparaginase (l-Asn)	Stabilization of molecule	[105]	In vitro, Protective degradation against intestinal enzymes.
12 triterpenic PEGylated amine derivatives	Oleanolic and maslinic acids	Cytotoxicity of molecule	[106]	In vitro, Apoptotic effects on cancer-cell lines (B16single bondF10, HT29, and Hep G2)