Table 2.

Table 2 gives an overview of the commercially available products, their composition, the procedure type and typical clinical findings.

Construct Type	Group	Product	Company	Composition	Procedure	Typical Clinical Findings	References
Degradables	PLGA-based	BioSeed®-C	BioTissue, AG	PGA-PLA scaffold reinforced with PDS and seeded with autologous chondrocytes and suspended in fibrin	Two-step procedure; MACI	No clinical superiority compared to ACI-p; radiologically better than ACI-p.	[115,116]
		Chondrotissue®	BioTissue AG	Non-woven PGA textile treated with hyaluronic acid combined with either PRP or BMC.	One-step procedure; AMIC	Promising outcomes from case series with evidence of hyaline cartilaginous tissue; no comparative studies available.	[26,177,178,181]
	Collagen-based	NeoCart®	Histogenics Corporation	Scaffold using bovine type I collagen seeded with autologous chondrocytes cultured in a bioreactor	Two-step procedure; MACI	Good clinical outcomes and superior to microfracture in comparative study.	[182,183]
		NovoCART® 3D	TETEC® Tissue Engineering Technologies AG	3D collagen-chondroitin sulfate scaffold seeded with autologous chondrocytes	Two-step procedure; MACI	Performed better than ACI-p in high demanding patients, effect was not significant; high rate of graft hypertrophy in case series studies.	[184,185,186]
		CaReS®	Arthro Kinetics	Hydrogel using type I collagen from rat tails seeded with autologous chondrocytes cultured in autologous blood	Two-step procedure; MACI	Superior results when compared to microfracture in matched-pair analysis after 3 years	[188,189]
		Chondro-Gide®	Geistlich Pharma AG, Wolhusen, Switzerland	Collagen type I/III matrix sutured to debrided microfractured defect and supported by fibrin glue	One-step procedure; AMIC	No comparative studies available.	[190,191,192]
		Maioregen®	Fin-Ceramica Faenza S.p.A., Italy	Threelayered nanostructured scaffold with a top layer consisting of type I collagen, a middle layer of 60% type I collagen and 40% hydroxyapatite and a bottom layer with 60% hydroxyapatie and 40% type I collagen.	One-step procedure; AMIC	No comparative studies available.	[193,194]
	Other natural polymer-based constructs	Hyalograft® C	Anika Therapeutics, Inc.	Hyaluronan (HYAFF-11S), a benzylic ester of hyaluronic acid, scaffold seeded with autologous chondrocytes and fixated using fibrin glue	Two-step procedure; MACI	Performed better than microfracture after 2 years up to 7 years; faster improvements compared to Chondro-Gide®	[195,196,197,198]
		Cartipatch®	Tissue Bank of France	Hydrogel using an ultrapurified agarose-alginate suspension (GelForGel) seeded with autologous chondrocytes cultured in monolayer conditiones in autologous serum	Two-step procedure; MACI	Inferior results compared to mosaicplasty after 2 years in comparative study.	[199,200]
		Chondron™	Sewon Cellontech Co. Ltd	Hydrogel using autologous chondrocytes mixed with fibrin glue (ratio 1:1).	Two-step procedure; MACI	No comparative studies available.	[201,202,203]
		BST-CarGel®	Piramal Healthcare Ltd	Chitosan mixed with autologous blood	One-step procedure; AMIC	Little evidence; clinically equal to microfracture but radiologically superior in comparative study	[204]
		GelrinC™	Regentis Biomaterials	PEG-fibrinogen hydrogel applied as liquid formulation and cured in-situ using long wave UV light	One-step procedure; AMIC	No comparative studies available.	[105,205]
Non-degrad-ables	Metals	HemiCAP®	Arthosurface INC.	Titanium cancellous screw with cobalt-chrome articular surface	One-step procedure; FKR	No comparative studies available; possible feasible treatment option for failed regenerative treatments.	[206,207,208]
		Episealer® Condyle Solo	Episurf medical AB	Cobalt-chrome monobloc with titanium-hydroxyapatie coating	One-step procedure; FKR	No clinical evidence yet.	[209,210,211]